Editing Synthetic human-like fakes

When the [[Glossary#No camera|camera does not exist]], but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''digital look-alike'''.

When it cannot be determined by human testing whether some fake voice is a synthetic fake of some person's voice, or is it an actual recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a '''digital sound-alike'''. 


[[File:BlV1999-morphable-model-till-match-low-res-rip.png|thumb|right|460px|Image 2 (low resolution rip) 
<br/>(1) Sculpting a morphable model to one single picture 
<br/>(2) Produces 3D approximation 
<br/>(4) Texture capture 
<br/>(3) The 3D model is rendered back to the image with weight gain 
<br/>(5) With weight loss 
<br/>(6) Looking annoyed 
<br/>(7) Forced to smile 

<small>Image 2 by Blanz and Vettel – Copyright ACM 1999 – http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311535.311556 – Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.</small>]]

[[File:Saint John on Patmos.jpg|thumb|right|360px|See [[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation]] to see the advance warning for our time that we were given in 7th century BC and then again in 1st century.
<br/><br/>
'Saint John on Patmos' pictures [[w:John of Patmos]] on [[w:Patmos]] writing down the visions to make the [[w:Book of Revelation]]. Picture from folio 17 of the [[w:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]] (1412-1416) by the [[w:Limbourg brothers]]. Currently located at the [[w:Musée Condé|Musée Condé]] 40km north of Paris, France.]]

== Digital look-alikes ==

{{#ev:vimeo|16292363|480px|right|''[[w:A Computer Animated Hand|A Computer Animated Hand]]'' is a 1972 short film by [[w:Edwin Catmull|Edwin Catmull]] and [[w:Fred Parke|Fred Parke]]. This was the first time that [[w:computer-generated imagery|computer-generated imagery]] was used in film to animate likenesses of moving human appearance.}}

=== Introduction to digital look-alikes ===
[[File:Deb-2000-reflectance-separation.png|thumb|360px|right|Image 1: Separating specular and diffuse reflected light

<br/> <br />

(a) Normal image in dot lighting
<br/><br/> 
(b) Image of the diffuse reflection which is caught by placing a vertical polarizer in front of the light source and a horizontal in the front the camera
<br/><br/> 
(c) Image of the highlight specular reflection which is caught by placing both polarizers vertically
<br/><br/> 
(d) Subtraction of c from b, which yields the specular component
<br/><br/> 
Images are scaled to seem to be the same luminosity.
<br/><br/> 
<small>Original image by Debevec et al. – Copyright ACM 2000 – https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311779.344855 – Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.</small>]]

[[File:The-diffuse-reflection-deducted-from-the-specular-reflection-Debevec-2000.png|thumb|right|260px|Subtraction of the diffuse reflection from the specular reflection yields the specular component of the model's reflectance.  
<br /><br />
<small>[[:File:Deb-2000-reflectance-separation.png|Original picture]]  by [[w:Paul Debevec|Debevec]] et al. - Copyright ACM 2000 https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311779.344855</small>]]

In the cinemas we have seen digital look-alikes for over 15 years. These digital look-alikes have "clothing" (a simulation of clothing is not clothing) or "superhero costumes" and "superbaddie costumes", and they don't need to care about the laws of physics, let alone laws of physiology. It is generally accepted that digital look-alikes made their public debut in the sequels of The Matrix i.e. [[w:The Matrix Reloaded]] and [[w:The Matrix Revolutions]] released in 2003. It can be considered almost certain, that it was not possible to make these before the year 1999, as the final piece of the puzzle to make a (still) digital look-alike that passes human testing, the [[Glossary#Reflectance capture|reflectance capture]] over the human face, was made for the first time in 1999 at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and was presented to the crème de la crème 
of the computer graphics field in their annual gathering SIGGRAPH 2000.<ref name="Deb2000">
{{cite book
| last = Debevec
| first = Paul
| author-link = Paul Debevec
| chapter = Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face
| journal =
| pages = 145–156
| publisher = ACM
| year = 2000
| chapter-url = http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=344855 
| chapter-format =
| doi = 10.1145/344779.344855
| accessdate =  2020-06-27
| title = Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '00
| isbn = 978-1581132083
}}</ref>


{{Q|Do you think that was [[w:Hugo Weaving|Hugo Weaving]]'s left cheekbone that [[w:Keanu Reeves|Keanu Reeves]] punched in with his right fist?|Trad|The Matrix Revolutions}}

=== The problems with digital look-alikes ===

Extremely unfortunately for the humankind, organized criminal leagues, that posses the '''weapons capability''' of making believable looking '''synthetic pornography''', are producing on industrial production pipelines '''synthetic terror porn'''<ref group="footnote" name="About the term synthetic terror porn">It is terminologically more precise, more inclusive and more useful to talk about 'synthetic terror porn', if we want to talk about things with their real names, than 'synthetic rape porn', because also synthesizing recordings of consentual looking sex scenes can be terroristic in intent.</ref> by animating digital look-alikes and distributing it in the murky Internet in exchange for money stacks that are getting thinner and thinner as time goes by.

These industrially produced pornographic delusions are causing great humane suffering, especially in their direct victims, but they are also tearing our communities and societies apart, sowing blind rage, perceptions of deepening chaos, feelings of powerlessness and provoke violence. This '''hate illustration''' increases and strengthens hate thinking, hate speech, hate crimes and tears our fragile social constructions apart and with time perverts humankind's view of humankind into an almost unrecognizable shape, unless we interfere with resolve.

For these reasons the bannable '''raw materials''' i.e. covert models, needed to produce this disinformation terror on the information-industrial production pipelines, '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|should be prohibited by law]]''' in order to protect humans from arbitrary abuse by criminal parties.

=== List of possible naked digital look-alike attacks ===

* The classic "''portrayal of as if in involuntary sex''"-attack. (Digital look-alike "cries")
* "''Sexual preference alteration''"-attack. (Digital look-alike "smiles")
* "''Cutting / beating''"-attack  (Constructs a deceptive history for genuine scars) 
* "''Mutilation''"-attack (Digital look-alike "dies")
* "''Unconscious and injected''"-attack (Digital look-alike gets "disease")

=== How to counter synthetic porn: Adequate Porn Watcher AI (transcluded) ===
{{#lstx:Adequate Porn Watcher AI|See_also}}

----

== Digital sound-alikes ==

Living people can defend<ref group="footnote" name="judiciary maybe not aware">Whether a suspect can defend against faked synthetic speech that sounds like him/her depends on how up-to-date the judiciary is. If no information and instructions about digital sound-alikes have been given to the judiciary, they likely will not believe the defense of denying that the recording is of the suspect's voice.</ref> themselves against digital sound-alike by denying the things the digital sound-alike says if they are presented to the target, but dead people cannot. Digital sound-alikes offer criminals new disinformation attack vectors and wreak havoc on provability. 

----

=== 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis' 2018 by Google Research (external transclusion) ===

* In the '''2018''' at the '''[[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems|Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]]''' (NeurIPS) the work [http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7700-transfer-learning-from-speaker-verification-to-multispeaker-text-to-speech-synthesis 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis'] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04558 at arXiv.org]) was presented. The pre-trained model is able to steal voices from a sample of only '''5 seconds''' with almost convincing results

The Iframe below is transcluded from [https://google.github.io/tacotron/publications/speaker_adaptation/ 'Audio samples from "Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis"' at google.gituhub.io], the audio samples of a sound-like-anyone machine presented as at the 2018 [[w:NeurIPS]] conference by Google researchers.

Observe how good the "VCTK p240" system is at deceiving to think that it is a person that is doing the talking.

{{#Widget:Iframe - Audio samples from Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis by Google Research}}

=== Documented digital sound-alike attacks ===

[[File:Helsingin-Sanomat-2012-David-Martin-Howard-of-University-of-York-on-apporaching-digital-sound-alikes.jpg|left|thumb|338px|A picture of a cut-away titled "''Voice-terrorist could mimic a leader''" from a 2012 [[w:Helsingin Sanomat]] warning that the sound-like-anyone machines are approaching. Thank you to homie [https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/david-martin-howard(ecfa9e9e-1290-464f-981a-0c70a534609e).html Prof. David Martin Howard] of the [[w:University of York]], UK and the anonymous editor for the heads-up.]]

----
=== Possible legal response: Outlawing digital sound-alikes (transcluded) ===
Transcluded from [[User:Juho Kunsola/Law proposals#Law proposal to ban covert modeling of human voice|Juho's proposal on banning digital sound-alikes]]
{{#section-h:User:Juho Kunsola/Law proposals|Law proposal to ban covert modeling of human voice}}
----

=== Example of a hypothetical 4-victim digital sound-alike attack ===
A very simple example of a digital sound-alike attack is as follows: 

Someone puts a digital sound-alike to call somebody's voicemail from an unknown number and to speak for example illegal threats. In this example there are at least two victims:

# Victim #1 - The person whose voice has been stolen into a covert model and a digital sound-alike made from it to frame them for crimes
# Victim #2 - The person to whom the illegal threat is presented in a recorded form by a digital sound-alike that deceptively sounds like victim #1
# Victim #3 - It could also be viewed that victim #3 is our law enforcement systems as they are put to chase after and interrogate the innocent victim #1
# Victim #4 - Our judiciary which prosecutes and possibly convicts the innocent victim #1.

Thus it is high time to act and to '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|criminalize the covert modeling of human appearance and voice!]]'''

=== Examples of speech synthesis software not quite able to fool a human yet ===
Some other contenders to create digital sound-alikes are though, as of 2019, their speech synthesis in most use scenarios does not yet fool a human because the results contain tell tale signs that give it away as a speech synthesizer.  

* '''[https://lyrebird.ai/ Lyrebird.ai]''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxDBlZu__Xk (listen)] 
* '''[https://candyvoice.com/ CandyVoice.com]''' [https://candyvoice.com/demos/voice-conversion (test with your choice of text)] 
* '''[https://cstr-edinburgh.github.io/merlin/ Merlin]''', a [[w:neural network]] based speech synthesis system by the Centre for Speech Technology Research at the [[w:University of Edinburgh]]

The below video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' describes the voice thieving machine presented by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|NeurIPS]] 2018.

{{#ev:youtube|0sR1rU3gLzQ|640px|right|Video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' describes the voice thieving machine by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|NeurIPS]] 2018.}}

[[File:Spectrogram-19thC.png|thumb|right|640px|A [[w:spectrogram|spectrogram]] of a male voice saying 'nineteenth century']]

== Countermeasures against synthetic human-like fakes ==
* [https://www.darpa.mil/program/media-forensics '''Media Forensics (MediFor)''' at darpa.mil] aims to develop technologies for the automated assessment of the integrity of an image or video and integrating these in an end-to-end media forensics platform. 
* '''[https://cyabra.com/ Cyabra.com]''' is an AI-based system that helps organizations be on the guard against disinformation attacks<ref group="1st seen in" name="ReutersDisinfomation2020">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-deepfake-activist/deepfake-used-to-attack-activist-couple-shows-new-disinformation-frontier-idUSKCN24G15E</ref>. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-deepfake-activist/deepfake-used-to-attack-activist-couple-shows-new-disinformation-frontier-idUSKCN24G15E Reuters.com reporting] from July 2020.

== Timeline  of synthetic human-like fakes ==
=== 1770's ===

[[File:Kempelen Speakingmachine.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A replica of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen|Kempelen]]'s [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine|speaking machine]], built 2007–09 at the Department of [[w:Phonetics|Phonetics]], [[w:Saarland University|Saarland University]], [[w:Saarbrücken|Saarbrücken]], Germany. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant|consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel|vowel]]s]]

* '''1779''' | science / discovery | [[w:Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein]] won the first prize in a competition announced by the [[w:Russian Academy of Sciences]] for '''models''' he built of the '''human [[w:vocal tract]]''' that could produce the five long '''[[w:vowel]]''' sounds.<ref name="Helsinki">
[http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/publications/files/theses/lemmetty_mst/chap2.html History and Development of Speech Synthesis], Helsinki University of Technology, Retrieved on November 4, 2006
</ref> (Based on [[w:Speech synthesis#History]])

* '''1791''' | science | '''[[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine]]''' of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen]] of [[w:Pressburg]], [[w:Hungary]], described in a 1791 paper was [[w:bellows]]-operated.<ref>''Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine'' ("Mechanism of the human speech with description of its speaking machine", J. B. Degen, Wien).</ref> This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel]]s. (based on [[w:Speech synthesis#History]])

=== 1970's ===

* '''1971''' | science | '''[https://interstices.info/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud/ 'Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l’ombrage de Gouraud' (still photos)]'''. [[w:Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)]] made the first [[w:Computer graphics]] [[w:geometry]] [[w:digitization]] and representation of a human face. Modeling was his wife Sylvie Gouraud. The 3D model was a simple [[w:wire-frame model]] and he applied [[w:Gouraud shading]] to produce the '''first known representation''' of '''human-likeness''' on computer. <ref>{{cite web|title=Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l'ombrage de Gouraud|url=http://interstices.info/jcms/c_25256/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud}}</ref>

* '''1972''' | entertainment | '''[https://vimeo.com/59434349 'A Computer Animated Hand' on Vimeo]'''. [[w:A Computer Animated Hand]] by [[w:Edwin Catmull]] and [[w:Fred Parke]]. Relevancy: This was the '''first time''' that [[w:computer-generated imagery|computer-generated imagery]] was used in film to '''animate''' moving '''human-like appearance'''.

* '''1976''' | movie | ''[[w:Futureworld]]'' reused parts of ''A Computer Animated Hand'' on the big screen.

=== 1990's ===
* '''1994''' | movie | [[w:The Crow (1994 film)|The Crow]] was the first film production to make use of [[w:digital compositing]] of a computer simulated representation of a face onto scenes filmed using a [[w:body double]]. Necessity was the muse as the actor [[w:Brandon Lee]] portraying the protagonist was tragically killed accidentally on-stage.

[[File:BSSDF01_400.svg|thumb|left|300px|Traditional [[w:Bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]] vs. [[w:subsurface scattering|subsurface scattering]] inclusive BSSRDF i.e. [[w:Bidirectional scattering distribution function#Overview of the BxDF functions|Bidirectional scattering-surface reflectance distribution function]]. An analytical BRDF must take into account the subsurface scattering, or the end result '''will not pass human testing'''.]]

* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''science'''</font> | '''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=344855 'Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face' paper at dl.acm.org ]''' [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. of [[w:University of Southern California]] did the '''first known reflectance capture''' over '''the human face''' with their extremely simple [[w:light stage]]. They presented their method and results in [[w:SIGGRAPH]] 2000. The scientific breakthrough required finding the [[w:subsurface scattering|w:subsurface light component]] (the simulation models are glowing from within slightly) which can be found using knowledge that light that is reflected from the oil-to-air layer retains its [[w:Polarization (waves)]] and the subsurface light loses its polarization. So equipped only with a movable light source, movable video camera, 2 polarizers and a computer program doing extremely simple math and the last piece required to reach photorealism was acquired.<ref name="Deb2000"/>

=== 2010's ===
* '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''.  A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>

* '''2013''' | demonstration | At the 2013 SIGGGRAPH [[w:Activision]] and USC presented a [[w:real time computing|real time]] "Digital Ira" a digital face look-alike of Ari Shapiro, an ICT USC research scientist,<ref name="reform_youtube2015">
{{cite AV media
 | people =
 | title = ReForm - Hollywood's Creating Digital Clones
 | medium = youtube
 | publisher = The Creators Project
 | location =
 | date = 2020-07-13
 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTC3k9Iv4r0
}}

</ref> utilizing the USC light stage X by Ghosh et al. for both reflectance field and motion capture.<ref name="Deb2013">{{cite web
  | last = Debevec
  | first = Paul
  | title = Digital Ira SIGGRAPH 2013 Real-Time Live
  | website =
  | date =
  | url = http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/DigitalIra/
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate =  2017-07-13}}
</ref> The end result both precomputed and real-time rendering with the modernest game [[w:Graphics processing unit|GPU]] shown [http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/DigitalIra/ here] and looks fairly realistic.

* '''2014''' | science | [[w:Ian Goodfellow]] et al. presented the principles of a [[w:generative adversarial network]].  GANs made the headlines in early 2018 with the [[w:deepfake]]s controversies.

* '''2016''' | science | '''[http://www.niessnerlab.org/projects/thies2016face.html 'Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos' at Niessnerlab.org]''' A paper (with videos) on the semi-real-time 2D video manipulation with gesture forcing and lip sync forcing synthesis by Thies et al, Stanford. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>

* '''2016''' | science / demonstration | [[w:DeepMind]]'s [[w:WaveNet]] owned by [[w:Google]] also demonstrated ability to steal people's voices

[[File:Adobe Corporate Logo.png|thumb|right|300px|[[w:Adobe Inc.]]'s logo. We can thank Adobe for publicly demonstrating their sound-like-anyone-machine in '''2016''' before an implementation was sold to criminal organizations.]]

* '''<font color="red">2016</font>''' | <font color="red">science</font> and demonstration | '''[[w:Adobe Inc.]]''' publicly demonstrates '''[[w:Adobe Voco]]''', a '''sound-like-anyone machine''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3l4XLZ59iw '#VoCo. Adobe Audio Manipulator Sneak Peak with Jordan Peele | Adobe Creative Cloud' on Youtube]. THe original Adobe Voco required '''20 minutes''' of sample '''to thieve a voice'''. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>.

* '''2017''' | science | '''[http://grail.cs.washington.edu/projects/AudioToObama/ 'Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio' at grail.cs.washington.edu]'''. In SIGGRAPH 2017 by Supasorn Suwajanakorn et al. of the [[w:University of Washington]] presented an audio driven digital look-alike of upper torso of Barack Obama. It was driven only by a voice track as source data for the animation after the training phase to acquire [[w:lip sync]] and wider facial information from [[w:training material]] consisting 2D videos with audio had been completed.<ref name="Suw2017">{{Citation
 | last = Suwajanakorn | first = Supasorn 
 | author-link = 
 | last2 = Seitz | first2 = Steven 
 | author2-link = 
 | last3 = Kemelmacher-Shlizerman | first3 = Ira 
 | author3-link = 
 | title = Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio
 | publisher = [[University of Washington]]
 | year = 2017 
 | url = http://grail.cs.washington.edu/projects/AudioToObama/
 | access-date = 2020-07-13 }}
</ref> <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>

* '''2018''' | controversy / demonstration | The [[w:deepfake]]s controversy surfaces where [[w:Pornographic film|porn video]]s were doctored utilizing [[w:deep learning|deep machine learning]] so that the face of the actress was replaced by the software's opinion of what another persons face would look like in the same pose and lighting.

* '''2018''' | demonstration | At the 2018 [[w:World Internet Conference]] in [[w:Wuzhen]] the [[w:Xinhua News Agency]] presented two digital look-alikes made to the resemblance of its real news anchors Qiu Hao ([[w:Chinese language]])<ref name="TheGuardian2018">
{{cite web
 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/09/worlds-first-ai-news-anchor-unveiled-in-china
 | title = World's first AI news anchor unveiled in China 
 | last = Kuo
 | first =  Lily
 | date = 2018-11-09
 | website = 
 | access-date = 2020-07-13
 | quote = }}
</ref> and Zhang Zhao ([[w:English language]]). The digital look-alikes were made in conjunction with [[w:Sogou]].<ref name="BusinessInsider2018">
{{cite web
 | url = https://businessinsider.com/ai-news-anchor-created-by-china-xinhua-news-agency-2018-11
 | title = China created what it claims is the first AI news anchor — watch it in action here 
 | last = Hamilton
 | first =  Isobel Asher
 | date = 2018-11-09
 | website = 
 | access-date = 2020-07-13
 | quote = }}
</ref> Neither the [[w:speech synthesis]] used nor the gesturing of the digital look-alike anchors were good enough to deceive the watcher to mistake them for real humans imaged with a TV camera.

* '''<font color="red">2018</font>''' | '''<font color="red">counter-measure</font>''' | In September 2018 Google added “'''involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery'''” to its '''ban list''', allowing anyone to request the search engine block results that falsely depict them as “nude or in a sexually explicit situation.”<ref name="WashingtonPost2018">

{{cite web
 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/12/30/fake-porn-videos-are-being-weaponized-harass-humiliate-women-everybody-is-potential-target/
 |title= Fake-porn videos are being weaponized to harass and humiliate women: 'Everybody is a potential target'
 |last= Harwell
 |first= Drew
 |date= 2018-12-30
 |website= 
 |publisher= [[w:The Washington Post]]
 |access-date= 2020-07-13 
 |quote= In September [of 2018], Google added “involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery” to its ban list
}}

</ref> '''[https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/9116649?hl=en Information on removing involuntary fake pornography from Google at support.google.com]''' if it shows up in Google and the '''[https://support.google.com/websearch/troubleshooter/3111061#ts=2889054%2C2889099%2C2889064%2C9171203 form to request removing involuntary fake pornography at support.google.com]''', select "''I want to remove: A fake nude or sexually explicit picture or video of myself''"

[[File:GoogleLogoSept12015.png|thumb|right|300px|[[w:Google|Google]]'s logo. Google Research demonstrated their '''[https://google.github.io/tacotron/publications/speaker_adaptation/ sound-like-anyone-machine]''' at the '''2018''' [[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems|Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]] (NeurIPS). It requires only 5 seconds of sample to steal a voice.]]

* '''<font color="red">2018</font>''' | <font color="red">science</font> and <font color="red">demonstration</font> | The work [http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7700-transfer-learning-from-speaker-verification-to-multispeaker-text-to-speech-synthesis 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis'] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04558 at arXiv.org]) was presented at the 2018 [[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]] (NeurIPS). The pre-trained model is able to steal voices from a sample of only '''5 seconds''' with almost convincing results.

* '''2019''' | crime | [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/?noredirect=on 'An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft'], a 2019 Washington Post article

* '''2019''' | action | [[w:Nvidia]] [[w:open source]]s [[w:StyleGAN]], a novel [[w:generative adversarial network]].<ref name="Medium2019">

{{Cite web 
|url=https://medium.com/syncedreview/nvidia-open-sources-hyper-realistic-face-generator-stylegan-f346e1a73826  
|title= NVIDIA Open-Sources Hyper-Realistic Face Generator StyleGAN
|last= 
|first= 
|date= 2019-02-09
|website= [[Medium.com]]
|access-date= 2020-07-13
}}</ref>

* '''2019''' | demonstration | '''[https://www.thispersondoesnotexist.com/ 'Thispersondoesnotexist.com']''' (since February 2019) by Philip Wang. It showcases a [[w:StyleGAN]] at the task of making an endless stream of pictures that look like no-one in particular, but are eerily human-like. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>

* '''2019''' | demonstration | '''[http://whichfaceisreal.com/ 'Which Face is real?' at whichfaceisreal.com]''' is an easily unnerving game by [http://ctbergstrom.com/ Carl Bergstrom] and [https://jevinwest.org/ Jevin West] where you need to '''try to distinguish''' from a pair of photos '''which is real and which is not'''. A part of the "tools" of the [https://callingbullshit.org/ Calling Bullshit] course taught at the [[w:University of Washington]]. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>

* '''2019''' | demonstration | In September 2019 [[w:Yle]], the Finnish [[w:public broadcasting company]], aired a result of experimental [[w:journalism]], [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10955498 a deepfake] of the President in office [[w:Sauli Niinistö]] in its main news broadcast for the purpose of highlighting the advancing disinformation technology and problems that arise from it.

* '''2019''' | US state law | Since July 1  <ref>

{{Cite web 
| url=https://www.fauquier.com/news/new-state-laws-go-into-effect-july/article_6e2e16c8-96b7-11e9-88d0-83a8852ef3eb.html 
| title=New state laws go into effect July 1
}}

</ref> [[w:Virginia]] [[w:criminalization|has criminalized]] the sale and dissemination of unauthorized synthetic pornography, but not the manufacture.<ref name="Virginia2019Chapter515">
{{cite web
 | url = https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-386.2/
 | title = § 18.2-386.2. Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty.
 | last =
 | first =
 | date = 
 | website = 
 | publisher = [[w:Virginia]]
 | access-date = 2020-07-13
 | quote = }}

</ref>, as [https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-386.2/ § 18.2-386.2 titled 'Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty.'] became part of the [[w:Code of Virginia]]. The law text states: "''Any person who, with the [[w:Intention (criminal law)|intent]] to [[w:coercion|coerce]], [[w:harassment|harass]], or [[w:intimidation|intimidate]], [[w:Malice_(law)|malicious]]ly [[w:dissemination|disseminates]] or [[w:sales|sells]] any videographic or still image created by any means whatsoever that depicts another person who is totally [w:[nudity|nude]], or in a state of undress so as to expose the [[w:sex organs|genitals]], pubic area, [[w:buttocks]], or female [[w:breast]], where such person knows or has reason to know that he is not [[w:license]]d or [[w:authorization|authorized]] to disseminate or sell such videographic or still image is guilty of a Class 1 [[w:Misdemeanor#United States|misdemeanor]].''".<ref name="Virginia2019Chapter515"/> The identical bills were [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2678 House Bill 2678] presented by [[w:Delegate (American politics)|Delegate]] [[w:Marcus Simon]] to the [[w:Virginia House of Delegates]] on January 14 2019 and three day later an identical [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+SB1736 Senate bill 1736] was introduced to the [[w:Senate of Virginia]] by Senator [[w:Adam Ebbin]]. 

* '''2019''' | US state law | Since September 1 [[w:Texas]] senate bill [https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/86R/billtext/html/SB00751F.htm SB 751] [[w:amendment]]s to the election code came into effect, giving [[w:candidates]] in [[w:elections]] a 30-day protection period to the elections during which making and distributing digital look-alikes or synthetic fakes of the candidates is an offense. The law text defines the subject of the law as "''a  video, created with the intent to deceive, that appears to depict a real person performing an action that did not occur in reality''"<ref name="TexasSB751">

{{cite web
 |url= https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=86R&Bill=SB751
 |title= Relating to the creation of a criminal offense for fabricating a deceptive video with intent to influence the outcome of an election
 |last=
 |first=
 |date= 2019-06-14
 |website=
 |publisher= [[w:Texas]]
 |access-date= 2020-07-13
 |quote= In  this  section,  "deep  fake  video"  means  a  video, created with the intent to deceive, that appears to depict a real person performing an action that did not occur in reality}}

</ref>
* '''2020''' | US state law | January 1 <ref name="KFI2019">

{{cite web
 |url= https://kfiam640.iheart.com/content/2019-12-30-here-are-the-new-california-laws-going-into-effect-in-2020/
 |title= Here Are the New California Laws Going Into Effect in 2020
 |last= Johnson
 |first= R.J.
 |date= 2019-12-30
 |website= [[KFI]]
 |publisher= [[iHeartMedia]]
 |access-date= 2020-07-13
 |quote=}}

</ref> the[[w:California]] [[w:State law (United States)|state law]] [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB602 AB-602] came into effect banning the manufacturing and [[w:Digital distribution|distribution]] of synthetic pornography without the [[w:consent]] of the people depicted.  AB-602 provides victims of synthetic pornography with [[w:injunction|injunctive relief]] and poses legal threats of [[w:statutory damages|statutory]] and [[w:punitive damages]] on [[w:criminal]]s making or distributing synthetic pornography without consent. The bill AB-602 was signed into law by California [[w:Governor (United States)|Governor]] [[w:Gavin Newsom]] on October 3 2019 and was authored by [[w:California State Assembly]] member [[w:Marc Berman]].<ref name="CNET2019">

{{cite web
 | last = Mihalcik
 | first = Carrie
 | title = California laws seek to crack down on deepfakes in politics and porn
 | website = [[w:cnet.com]]
 | publisher = [[w:CNET]]
 | date = 2019-10-04
 | url = https://www.cnet.com/news/california-laws-seek-to-crack-down-on-deepfakes-in-politics-and-porn/
 | access-date = 2020-07-13 
}}

</ref>
* '''2020''' | Chinese legislation | On January 1 Chinese law requiring that synthetically faked footage should bear a clear notice about its fakeness came into effect. Failure to comply could be considered a [[w:crime]] the [[w:Cyberspace Administration of China]] stated on its website. China announced this new law in November 2019.<ref name="Reuters2019">

{{cite web
 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-technology/china-seeks-to-root-out-fake-news-and-deepfakes-with-new-online-content-rules-idUSKBN1Y30VU
 | title = China seeks to root out fake news and deepfakes with new online content rules
 | last =
 | first =
 | date = 2019-11-29
 | website = [[w:Reuters.com]]
 | publisher = [[w:Reuters]]
 | access-date = 2020-07-13
 | quote = }}

</ref> The Chinese government seems to be reserving the right to prosecute both users and [[w:online video platform]]s failing to abide by the rules. <ref name="TheVerge2019">

{{cite web
 | url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/29/20988363/china-deepfakes-ban-internet-rules-fake-news-disclosure-virtual-reality
 | title = China makes it a criminal offense to publish deepfakes or fake news without disclosure
 | last = Statt
 | first = Nick
 | date = 2019-11-29
 | website = 
 | publisher = [[The Verge]]
 | access-date = 2020-07-13
 | quote = }}

</ref>
----

== Media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes ==
This is a chronological listing of media that are probably to do with [[synthetic human-like fakes]].

The links currently include scripture, science, demonstrations, music videos, music, entertainment and movies. 

=== 6th century BC ===

[[File:Daniel's vision of the four beasts from the sea and the Ancient of Days - Silos Apocalypse (1109), f.240 - BL Add MS 11695.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Image taken from Silos Apocalypse. Originally published/produced in Spain (Silos), 1109.<br/><br/> 
[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Daniel 7|Daniel 7]], Daniel's vision of the three beasts <sup>[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Daniel 7:1-6 - Three beasts|Dan 7:1-6]]</sup> and the fourth beast <sup>[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Daniel 7:7-8 - The fourth beast|Dan 7:7-8]]</sup> from the sea and the [[w:Ancient of Days|Ancient of Days]]<sup>[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#The Ancient of Days|Dan 7:9-10]]</sup>]]

* [[w:6th century BC]] | scripture | '''[[w:Daniel (biblical figure)]]''' was in [[w:Babylonian captivity]] when he had his visions where God warned us of synthetic human-like fakes first. 
* His testimony was put into written form in the [[#3rd century BC]].


=== 3rd century BC ===

* [[w:3rd century BC]] | scripture | The '''[[w:Book of Daniel]]''' was put in writing. 
* See [[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Daniel 7|Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation § Daniel 7]]. '''Caution''' to reader: contains '''explicit''' written information about the beasts.


=== 1st century ===
* '''[[w:1st century]]''' | scripture | '''[[w:Jesus]] teaches''' about things that are yet to come in
*# '''[[w:Matthew 24]]'''
*# '''[[w:The Sheep and the Goats]]''' and 
*# '''[[w:Mark 13]]'''.

*'''1st century''' | scripture | '''[[w:2 Thessalonians 2]]''' is the second chapter of the [[w:Second Epistle to the Thessalonians]]. It is traditionally attributed to [[w:Paul the Apostle]], with [[w:Saint Timothy]] as a co-author.  See [[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#2 Thessalonians 2|Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation § 2 Thessalonians 2]] '''Caution''' to reader: contains '''explicit''' written information about the beasts

*'''1st century''' | scripture | '''[[w:Book of Revelation]]'''. The task of writing down and smuggling out this early warning of what is to come is given by God to his servant John, who was imprisoned on the island of [[w:Patmos]].  See [[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Revelation 13|Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation § Revelation 13]]. '''Caution''' to reader: contains '''explicit''' written information about the beasts.

=== 1980's ===

* '''1983''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0lIlROWro8 'Musique Non-Stop' by Kraftwerk on Youtube]''' made in 1983, but published only in in '''1986''' by [[w:Kraftwerk]] from album [[w:Electric Café]]. Relevancy: Contains state-of-the-art (for the era) '''[[digital look-alikes]]''' of the band members.

* '''1986''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6epzmRZk6UU 'Paranoimia' by Art of Noise on Youtube]'''. [[w:Paranoimia]] by [[w:Art of Noise]] featuring Max Headroom from the album [[w:In Visible Silence]] Relevancy: Contains state-of-the-art (for the era) '''synthetic human-like character''', [[w:Max Headroom]]).


=== 1990's ===

* '''1998''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbByxzZ-4dI 'Rabbit in Your Headlights' by UNKLE on Youtube]''' by [[w:Unkle]] and featuring [[w:Thom Yorke]] on the lyrics.  [[w:Rabbit in Your Headlights#Music video|Wikipedia on 'Rabbit in Your Headlights' music video]]. Relevancy: Contains shots that would have '''injured''' / '''killed''' a '''human actor'''.

* '''1998''' | music | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjrnKG1j3Eg 'New Model No. 15' by Marilyn Manson (lyrics in video) on Youtube]''' by [[w:Marilyn Manson (band)]] from the album [[w:Mechanical Animals]]. Relevancy: The '''lyrics''' are obviously about '''[[digital look-alikes]]''' approaching.

* '''1998''' |  music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FC-Kos_b1sE 'The Dope Show' by Marilyn Manson (lyric video) on Youtube]''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5R682M3ZEyk (official music video)] by [[w:Marilyn Manson (band)]] from the album [[w:Mechanical Animals]]. Relevancy: '''lyrics'''


=== 2000's ===

* '''2001''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWIeVTs94rI 'Evolution Revolution Love' by Tricky on Youtube]''' by [[w:Tricky (musician)]] from the [[w:Blowback (album)]] and featuring [[w:Ed Kowalczyk]]. Relevancy: See video

* '''2001''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbB-mICjkQM 'Plug In Baby' by Muse]''' by [[w:Muse (band)]] from their album [[w:Origin of Symmetry]]. Relevancy: See video

* '''2002''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qIXIHAmcKU 'Bullet' by Covenant on Youtube]''' by [[w:Covenant (band)]] from their album [[w:Northern Light (Covenant album)]]. Relevancy: Contains the best upper-torso digital look-alike of Eskil Simonsson (vocalist) that their organization could procure at the time. Here you can observe the '''classic "''skin looks like cardboard''"-bug''' (assuming this was not intended) that '''thwarted efforts to''' make digital look-alikes that '''pass human testing''' before the '''reflectance capture and dissection in 1999''' by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and subsequent development of the '''"Analytical [[w:bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]]"''' (quote-unquote) by ESC Entertainment, a company set up for the '''sole purpose''' of '''making the cinematography''' for the 2003 films Matrix Reloaded and Matrix Revolutions '''possible''', lead by George Borshukov.

[[File:The-matrix-logo.svg|thumb|right|300px|Logo of the [[w:The Matrix (franchise)]]]]

* '''2003''' | movie(s) | The '''[[w:Matrix Reloaded]]''' and '''[[w:Matrix Revolutions]]''' films. Relevancy: '''First public display''' of '''[[synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alikes]]''' that are virtually '''indistinguishable from''' the '''real actors'''.

* '''2003''' | short film | [[w:The Animatrix#Final Flight of the Osiris|''The Animatrix: Final Flight of the Osiris'']] a [[w:state-of-the-art]] want-to-be human likenesses not quite fooling the watcher made by [[w:Square Pictures#Square Pictures|Square Pictures]].

* '''2004''' | movie | The '''[[w:Spider-man 2]]''' (and '''[[w:Spider-man 3]]''', 2007) films. Relevancy: The films include a [[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alike|digital look-alike]] made of actor [[w:Tobey Maguire]] by [[w:Sony Pictures Imageworks]].<ref name="Pig2005">{{cite web
  | last = Pighin
  | first = Frédéric
  | author-link =
  | title = Siggraph 2005 Digital Face Cloning Course Notes
  | website =
  | date =
  | url = http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~lizhang/sig-course-05-face/COURSE_9_DigitalFaceCloning.pdf
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2020-06-26}}
</ref>

* '''2005''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwvLlEtxX3o Nine Inch Nails music video for 'Only' at Youtube.com]''' [[w:Only (Nine Inch Nails song)]] by the [[w:Nine Inch Nails]]. Relevancy: check the lyrics, check the video

* '''2006''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hC_sqi9oocI 'John The Revelator' by Depeche Mode (official music video) on Youtube]''' by [[w:Depeche Mode]] from the single [[w:John the Revelator / Lilian]]. Relevancy: [[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Revelation 13|Book of Revelations]].

* '''2009''' | demonstration | Debevec et al. presented new digital likenesses, made by [[w:Image Metrics]], this time of actress [[w:Emily O'Brien]] whose reflectance was captured with the USC light stage 5<ref name="Deb2009">[http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_debevec_animates_a_photo_real_digital_face.html In this TED talk video] at 00:04:59 you can see ''two clips, one with the real Emily shot with a real camera and one with a digital look-alike of Emily, shot with a simulation of a camera - <u>Which is which is difficult to tell</u>''. Bruce Lawmen was scanned using USC light stage 6 in still position and also recorded running there on a [[w:treadmill]]. Many, many digital look-alikes of Bruce are seen running fluently and natural looking at the ending sequence of the TED talk video.</ref> Motion looks fairly convincing contrasted to the clunky run in the [[Animatrix#Final Flight of the Osiris|''Animatrix: Final Flight of the Osiris'']] which was [[state-of-the-art]] in 2003 if photorealism was the intention of the [[animators]].

* '''2009''' | movie | A digital look-alike of a younger [[w:Arnold Schwarzenegger]] was made for the movie ''[[w:Terminator Salvation]]'' though the end result was critiqued as unconvincing. Facial geometry was acquired from a 1984 mold of Schwarzenegger.

* '''2010''' | movie | [[w:Walt Disney Pictures]] released a sci-fi sequel entitled ''[[w:Tron: Legacy]]'' with a digitally rejuvenated digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Jeff Bridges]] playing the [[w:antagonist]] [[w:List of Tron characters#CLU|CLU]].

=== 2010's ===
* '''2013''' | music | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvT8ydMiETc 'In Two' by the Nine Inch Nails (lyric video) on Youtube]''' by [[w:Nine Inch Nails]] from the album [[w:Hesitation Marks]]. Relevancy: The '''lyrics''' seem to be about '''appearance theft'''.

* '''2013''' | music | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn3W6ok-IhE 'Copy of A' by the Nine Inch Nails (lyric video) on Youtube]''' by [[w:Nine Inch Nails]] from the album [[w:Hesitation Marks]]. Relevancy: The '''lyrics''' seem to be about '''appearance theft'''.

* '''2013''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWrUEsVrdSU 'Before Your Very Eyes' by Atoms For Peace (official music video) on Youtube]''' by [[w:Atoms for Peace (band)]] from their album [[w:Amok (Atoms for Peace album)]]. Relevancy: Watch the video

* '''2015''' | movie | In the ''[[w:Furious 7]]'' a digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Paul Walker]] who died in an accident during the filming was done by [[w:Weta Digital]] to enable the completion of the film.<ref name="thr2015">
{{cite web
 | url = http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/furious-7-how-peter-jacksons-784157
 | title = 'Furious 7' and How Peter Jackson's Weta Created Digital Paul Walker
 | last = Giardina 
 | first =  Carolyn 
 | date = 2015-03-25
 | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]
 | access-date = 2020-07-13
 | quote = }}
</ref>

* '''2016''' | music video |'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElvLZMsYXlo 'Voodoo In My Blood' (official music video) by Massive Attack on Youtube]''' by [[w:Massive Attack]] and featuring [[w:Tricky]] from the album [[w:Ritual Spirit]]. Relevancy: '''How many machines''' can you see in the same frame at times? If you answered one, look harder and make a more educated guess.

* '''2016''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8r31DFrFs5A 'The Spoils' by Massive Attack on Youtube]''' by [[w:Massive Attack]] featuring [[w:Hope Sandoval]]. [[w:The Spoils (song)|Wikipedia on The Spoils (song)]] Relevancy: The video '''contains synthesis''' of '''human-like''' likenesses.

* '''2016''' | movie | '''[[w:Rogue One]]''' is a Star Wars film for which digital look-alikes of actors [[w:Peter Cushing]] and [[w:Carrie Fisher]] were made. In the film their appearance would appear to be of same age as the actors were during the filming of the original 1977 ''[[w:Star Wars (film)]]'' film.

* '''2018''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8f5RgwY8CI&list=PLxKHVMqMZqUTgHYRSXfZN_JjItBzVTCau 'Simulation Theory' album by Muse on Youtube]''' by [[w:Muse (band)]] from the [[w:Simulation Theory (album)]]. '''Obs.''' "The Pause," "Watch What I Do" and "The Interlude" are not part of the album. Relevancy: Whole album

=== 2020's ===

* '''2022''' | movie | '''[[w:The Matrix 4]]''' ('''2022''') will be the 4th installment of the [[w:The Matrix (franchise)]]. Relevancy: High likelihood of relevance, but unknown as this film is not yet ready or released.

== Footnotes ==
<references group="footnote" /> 

== References ==
<references />