Editing Glossary

This is the '''BMC! wiki glossary'''. See '''[[resources]]''' for examples you will often find linked for your convenience.

= Appearance and voice theft =
Appearance is thieved with [[digital look-alikes]] and voice is thieved with [[digital sound-alikes]]. These are new and very extreme forms of identity theft. Ban covert modeling and possession and doing anything with a model of a human's voice, but don't ban the [[Adequate Porn Watcher AI]].

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= Bidirectional reflectance distribution function =

[[File:BRDF_Diagram.svg|thumb|right|300px|Diagram showing vectors used to define the [[w:Bidirectional reflectance distribution function|w:BRDF]].]]

{{Q|The '''bidirectional reflectance distribution function''' ('''BRDF''') is a function of four real variables that defines how light is reflected at an [[w:Opacity (optics)|opaque]] surface. It is employed in the [[w:optics|optics]] of real-world light, in [[w:computer graphics|computer graphics]] algorithms, and in [[w:computer vision|computer vision]] algorithms.|Wikipedia|[[w:bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]]}}

A BRDF model is a 7 dimensional model containing geometry, textures and reflectance of the subject. 

The seven dimensions of the BRDF model are as follows: 
* 3 cartesian X,Y,Z 
* 2 for the entry angle
* 2 for the exit angle of the light.

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= Burqa =
[[File:20180613 Folkemodet Bornholm burka happening 0118 (42739707262).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Some humans in [[w:burqa]]s a the Bornholm burka happening]]
{{Q|A '''burqa''', also known as '''chadri''' or [[w:paranja|paranja]] in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]], is an enveloping outer garment worn by women in some Islamic traditions to cover themselves in public, which covers the body and the face.|Wikipedia|[[w:burqa|burqa]]s}}
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= Covert modeling =
'''Covert modeling''' refers to both covertly modeling aspects of a subject i.e. without express consent.

Main known cases are
* Covertly modeling the '''human appearance''' into 7-dimensional [[#Bidirectional reflectance distribution function|]] model or other type of model.
* Covertly modeling the '''human voice'''
There is work ongoing to model e.g. '''human's style of writing''', but this is probably not as drastic a threat as the covert modeling of appearance and of voice.
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= Deepfake =
{{Q|'''Deepfake''' (a [[w:portmanteau|portmanteau]] of "[[w:deep learning|deep learning]]" and "fake") is a technique for [[w:human image synthesis|human image synthesis]] based on [[w:artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]]. It is used to combine and [[w:Superimposition|superimpose]] existing images and videos onto source images or videos using a machine learning technique called a "[[w:generative adversarial network|generative adversarial network]]" (GAN).|Wikipedia|[[w:Deepfake|Deepfake]]s}}

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= Digital look-alike =
When the camera does not exist, but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''[[digital look-alikes|digital look-alike]]'''. 

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= Digital sound-alike =
When it cannot be determined by human testing, is some synthesized recording a simulation of some person's speech, or is it a recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a '''[[digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alike]]'''. 

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= Generative adversial network =
{{Q|A '''generative adversarial network''' ('''GAN''') is a class of [[w:machine learnin|g]] systems. Two [[w:neural network|neural network]]s contest with each other in a [[w:zero-sum game|zero-sum game]] framework. This technique can generate photographs that look at least superficially authentic to human observers,<ref name="GANnips" /><ref name="GANs">{{cite arXiv |eprint=1406.2661|title=Generative Adversarial Networks|first1=Ian |last1=Goodfellow |first2=Jean |last2=Pouget-Abadie |first3=Mehdi |last3=Mirza |first4=Bing |last4=Xu |first5=David |last5=Warde-Farley |first6=Sherjil |last6=Ozair |first7=Aaron |last7=Courville |first8=Yoshua |last8=Bengio |class=cs.LG |year=2014 }}</ref> having many realistic characteristics. It is a form of [[w:unsupervised learning|unsupervised learning]]]].<ref name="ITT_GANs">{{cite arXiv |eprint=1606.03498|title=Improved Techniques for Training GANs|last1=Salimans |first1=Tim |last2=Goodfellow |first2=Ian |last3=Zaremba |first3=Wojciech |last4=Cheung |first4=Vicki |last5=Radford |first5=Alec |last6=Chen |first6=Xi |class=cs.LG |year=2016 }}</ref>|Wikipedia|[[w:generative adversarial network|generative adversarial networks]]}}

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= Human image synthesis =
{{Q|'''Human image synthesis''' can be applied to make believable and even [[w:photorealism|photorealistic]] of human-likenesses, moving or still. This has effectively been the situation since the early [[w:2000s (decade)|2000s]]. Many films using [[w:computer generated imagery|computer generated imagery]] have featured synthetic images of human-like characters [[w:digital compositing|digitally composited]] onto the real or other simulated film material.|Wikipedia|[[w:Human image synthesis|Human image syntheses]]}}
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= Light stage =
[[File:ESPER_LightCage.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The ESPER LightCage - 3D face scanning rig is a modern [[w:light stage|w:light stage]]]]
{{Q|A '''light stage''' or '''light cage''' is equipment used for [[w:3D modeling|shape]], [[w:texture mapping|texture]], reflectance and [[w:motion capture|motion capture]] often with [[w:structured light|structured light]] and a [[w:multi-camera setup|multi-camera setup]].|Wikipedia|[[w:light stage|light stage]]s}}

= Media forensics =
'''Media forensics''' deal with ascertaining genuinity of media.

{{Q|Wikipedia does not have an article on [[w:Media forensics]]|juboxi|2019-04-05}}

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= Niqāb = 
[[File:Muslim woman in Yemen.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Image of a human wearing a '''[[w:niqāb]]''']]

{{Q|A '''niqab''' or '''niqāb''' ("[face] veil"; also called a '''ruband''') is a garment of clothing that covers the face, worn by some [[w:muslim women|muslim women]] as a part of a particular interpretation of [[w:hijab|hijab]] (modest dress).|Wikipedia|[[w:Niqāb|Niqābs]]}}
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= No camera =
'''No camera''' ('''!''') refers to the fact that a simulation of a camera is not a camera. If people realize the differences, and thus the different restrictions by many types of laws e.g. physics, physiology. Analogously see [[#No microphone]], usually seen below this entry.

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= No microphone =
'''No microphone''' is needed when using synthetic voices as you just model them, without needing to capture. Analogously see the entry [[#No camera]], usually seen above this entry.

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= Reflectance capture =
'''Reflectance capture''' is made by measuring the reflected light for each incoming light direction and every exit direction, often with many different wavelengths. Using polarisers allow to separately capture the specular and the diffuse reflected light. The first known reflectance capture over the human face was made in 1999 by Paul Debevec et al at the [[w:University of Southern California]].

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= Speech synthesis =
{{Q|'''Speech synthesis''' is the artificial production of human [[w:speech|speech]]|Wikipedia|[[w:Speech synthesis|speech syntheses]]}}

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= Synthetic terror porn =
'''Synthetic terror porn''' is pornography synthesized with terrorist intent. '''Synthetic rape porn''' is probably by far the most prevalent form of this, but it must be noted that synthesizing '''consentual looking sex scenes''' can also be '''terroristic''' in intent and effect.

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= Voice changer =
{{Q|The term '''voice changer''' (also known as voice enhancer) refers to a device which can change the tone or pitch of or add distortion to the user's voice, or a combination and vary greatly in price and sophistication.|Wikipedia|[[w:Voice changer|voice changers]]}}

Please see '''[[Resources#List of voice changers]]''' for some alternatives.

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= References =
<references />