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Synthetic human-like fakes (edit)

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'''Definitions'''
<section begin=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />
<section begin=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />
When the '''[[Glossary#No camera|camera does not exist]]''', but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''[[#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alike]]'''.
When the '''[[Glossary#No camera|camera does not exist]]''', but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alike]]'''.  


When it cannot be determined by human testing or media forensics whether some fake voice is a synthetic fake of some person's voice, or is it an actual recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a pre-recorded '''[[#Digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alike]]'''.  
In 2017-2018 this started to be referred to as [[w:deepfake]], even though altering video footage of humans with a computer with a deceiving effect is actually 20 yrs older than the name "deep fakes" or "deepfakes".<ref name="Bohacek and Farid 2022 protecting against fakes">
 
{{cite journal
| last1      = Boháček
| first1    = Matyáš
| last2      = Farid
| first2    = Hany
| date      = 2022-11-23
| title      = Protecting world leaders against deep fakes using facial, gestural, and vocal mannerisms
| url        = https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2216035119
| journal    = [[w:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]
| volume    = 119
| issue      = 48
| pages      =
| doi        = 10.1073/pnas.221603511
| access-date = 2023-01-05
}}
 
</ref><ref name="Bregler1997">
 
{{cite journal
| last1      = Bregler
| first1    = Christoph
| last2      = Covell
| first2    = Michele
| last3      = Slaney
| first3    = Malcolm
| date      = 1997-08-03
| title      = Video Rewrite: Driving Visual Speech with Audio
| url        = https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/human/bregler-sig97.pdf
| journal    = SIGGRAPH '97: Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
| volume    =
| issue      =
| pages      = 353-360
| doi        = 10.1145/258734.258880
| access-date = 2022-09-09
}}
 
</ref>
 
When it cannot be determined by human testing or media forensics whether some fake voice is a synthetic fake of some person's voice, or is it an actual recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a pre-recorded '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alike]]'''. This is now commonly referred to as [[w:audio deepfake]].
 
'''Real-time digital look-and-sound-alike''' in a video call was used to defraud a substantial amount of money in 2023.<ref name="Reuters real-time digital look-and-sound-alike crime  2023">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.reuters.com/technology/deepfake-scam-china-fans-worries-over-ai-driven-fraud-2023-05-22/
| title = 'Deepfake' scam in China fans worries over AI-driven fraud
| last =
| first =
| date = 2023-05-22
| website = [[w:Reuters.com]]
| publisher = [[w:Reuters]]
| access-date = 2023-06-05
| quote =
}}
</ref>
<section end=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />
<section end=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />
::[[Synthetic human-like fakes|Read more about '''synthetic human-like fakes''']], see and support '''[[organizations and events against synthetic human-like fakes]]''' and what they are doing, what kinds of '''[[Laws against synthesis and other related crimes]]''' have been formulated, [[Synthetic human-like fakes#Timeline of synthetic human-like fakes|examine the SSFWIKI '''timeline''' of synthetic human-like fakes]] or [[Mediatheque|view the '''Mediatheque''']].
[[File:Screenshot at 27s of a moving digital-look-alike made to appear Obama-like by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed 2018.png|thumb|right|480px|link=Mediatheque/2018/Obama's appearance thieved - a public service announcement digital look-alike by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed|{{#lst:Mediatheque|Obama-like-fake-2018}}]]


[[File:BlV1999-morphable-model-till-match-low-res-rip.png|thumb|left|460px|Image 2 (low resolution rip)  
[[File:BlV1999-morphable-model-till-match-low-res-rip.png|thumb|right|460px|Image 2 (low resolution rip) shows a 1999 technique for sculpting a morphable model, till it matches the target's appearance.
<br/>(1) Sculpting a morphable model to one single picture  
<br/>(1) Sculpting a morphable model to one single picture  
<br/>(2) Produces 3D approximation  
<br/>(2) Produces 3D approximation  
Line 15: Line 74:


<small>Image 2 by Blanz and Vettel – Copyright ACM 1999 – http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311535.311556 – Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.</small>]]
<small>Image 2 by Blanz and Vettel – Copyright ACM 1999 – http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311535.311556 – Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.</small>]]
[[File:Saint John on Patmos.jpg|thumb|right|360px|link=Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation|See <big>'''[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation]]'''</big> to see the advance warning for our time that we were given in 6th century BC and then again in 1st century.
<br/><br/>
'Saint John on Patmos' pictures [[w:John of Patmos]] on [[w:Patmos]] writing down the visions to make the [[w:Book of Revelation]]. Picture from folio 17 of the [[w:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]] (1412-1416) by the [[w:Limbourg brothers]]. Currently located at the [[w:Musée Condé]] 40km north of Paris, France.]]


== Digital look-alikes ==
== Digital look-alikes ==
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<small>[[:File:Deb-2000-reflectance-separation.png|Original picture]]  by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. - Copyright ACM 2000 https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311779.344855</small>]]
<small>[[:File:Deb-2000-reflectance-separation.png|Original picture]]  by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. - Copyright ACM 2000 https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311779.344855</small>]]


In the cinemas we have seen digital look-alikes for over 15 years. These digital look-alikes have "clothing" (a simulation of clothing is not clothing) or "superhero costumes" and "superbaddie costumes", and they don't need to care about the laws of physics, let alone laws of physiology. It is generally accepted that digital look-alikes made their public debut in the sequels of The Matrix i.e. [[w:The Matrix Reloaded]] and [[w:The Matrix Revolutions]] released in 2003. It can be considered almost certain, that it was not possible to make these before the year 1999, as the final piece of the puzzle to make a (still) digital look-alike that passes human testing, the [[Glossary#Reflectance capture|reflectance capture]] over the human face, was made for the first time in 1999 at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and was presented to the crème de la crème  
In the cinemas we have seen digital look-alikes for 20 years. These digital look-alikes have "clothing" (a simulation of clothing is not clothing) or "superhero costumes" and "superbaddie costumes", and they don't need to care about the laws of physics, let alone laws of physiology. It is generally accepted that digital look-alikes made their public debut in the sequels of The Matrix i.e. [[w:The Matrix Reloaded]] and [[w:The Matrix Revolutions]] released in 2003. It can be considered almost certain, that it was not possible to make these before the year 1999, as the final piece of the puzzle to make a (still) digital look-alike that passes human testing, the [[Glossary#Reflectance capture|reflectance capture]] over the human face, was made for the first time in 1999 at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and was presented to the crème de la crème  
of the computer graphics field in their annual gathering SIGGRAPH 2000.<ref name="Deb2000">
of the computer graphics field in their annual gathering SIGGRAPH 2000.<ref name="Deb2000">
{{cite book
{{cite book
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=== The problems with digital look-alikes ===
=== The problems with digital look-alikes ===


Extremely unfortunately for the humankind, organized criminal leagues, that posses the '''weapons capability''' of making believable looking '''synthetic pornography''', are producing on industrial production pipelines '''synthetic terror porn'''<ref group="footnote" name="About the term synthetic terror porn">It is terminologically more precise, more inclusive and more useful to talk about 'synthetic terror porn', if we want to talk about things with their real names, than 'synthetic rape porn', because also synthesizing recordings of consentual looking sex scenes can be terroristic in intent.</ref> by animating digital look-alikes and distributing it in the murky Internet in exchange for money stacks that are getting thinner and thinner as time goes by.
Extremely unfortunately for the humankind, organized criminal leagues, that posses the '''weapons capability''' of making believable looking '''synthetic pornography''', are producing on industrial production pipelines '''terroristic synthetic pornography'''<ref group="footnote" name="About the term terroristic synthetic pornography">It is terminologically more precise, more inclusive and more useful to talk about 'terroristic synthetic pornography', if we want to talk about things with their real names, than 'synthetic rape porn', because also synthesizing recordings of consentual looking sex scenes can be terroristic in intent.</ref> by animating digital look-alikes and distributing it in the murky Internet in exchange for money stacks that are getting thinner and thinner as time goes by.  
 
These industrially produced pornographic delusions are causing great human suffering, especially in their direct victims, but they are also tearing our communities and societies apart, sowing blind rage, perceptions of deepening chaos, feelings of powerlessness and provoke violence.
 
These kinds of '''hate illustration''' increases and strengthens hate feeling, hate thinking, hate speech and hate crimes and tears our fragile social constructions apart and with time perverts humankind's view of humankind into an almost unrecognizable shape, unless we interfere with resolve.
 
'''Children-like sexual abuse images'''


These industrially produced pornographic delusions are causing great humane suffering, especially in their direct victims, but they are also tearing our communities and societies apart, sowing blind rage, perceptions of deepening chaos, feelings of powerlessness and provoke violence. This '''hate illustration''' increases and strengthens hate thinking, hate speech, hate crimes and tears our fragile social constructions apart and with time perverts humankind's view of humankind into an almost unrecognizable shape, unless we interfere with resolve.
Sadly by 2023 there is a market for synthetic human-like sexual abuse material that looks like children. See [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65932372 ''''''Illegal trade in AI child sex abuse images exposed'''''' at bbc.com] 2023-06-28 reports [[w:Stable Diffusion]] being abused to produce this kind of images. The [[w:Internet Watch Foundation]] also reports on the alarming existence of production of synthetic human-like sex abuse material portraying minors. See [https://www.iwf.org.uk/news-media/news/prime-minister-must-act-on-threat-of-ai-as-iwf-sounds-alarm-on-first-confirmed-ai-generated-images-of-child-sexual-abuse/ ''''''Prime Minister must act on threat of AI as IWF ‘sounds alarm’ on first confirmed AI-generated images of child sexual abuse'''''' at iwf.org.uk] (2023-08-18)


=== List of possible naked digital look-alike attacks ===
=== Fixing the problems from digital look-alikes ===


* The classic "''portrayal of as if in involuntary sex''"-attack. (Digital look-alike "cries")
We need to move on 3 fields: [[Laws against synthesis and other related crimes|legal]], technological and cultural.
* "''Sexual preference alteration''"-attack. (Digital look-alike "smiles")
 
* "''Cutting / beating''"-attack  (Constructs a deceptive history for genuine scars)  
'''Technological''': Computer vision system like [[FacePinPoint.com]] for seeking unauthorized pornography / nudes used to exist 2017-2021 and could be revived if funding is found. It was a service practically identical with SSFWIKI original concept [[Adequate Porn Watcher AI (concept)]].
* "''Mutilation''"-attack (Digital look-alike "dies")
 
* "''Unconscious and injected''"-attack (Digital look-alike gets "disease")
'''Legal''': Legislators around the planet have been waking up to this reality that not everything that seems a video of people is a video of people and various laws have been passed to protect humans and humanity from the menaces of synthetic human-like fakes, mostly digital look-alikes so far, but hopefully humans will be protected also fro other aspects of synthetic human-like fakes by laws. See [[Laws against synthesis and other related crimes]]


=== Age analysis and rejuvenating and aging syntheses ===
=== Age analysis and rejuvenating and aging syntheses ===
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== Digital sound-alikes ==
== Digital sound-alikes ==
=== University of Florida published an antidote to synthetic human-like fake voices in 2022 ===
'''2022''' saw a brilliant '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' presented to peers at the 31st [[w:USENIX]] Security Symposium 10-12 August 2022 by [[w:University of Florida]] <u><big>'''[[Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction]]'''</big></u>.
The university's foundation has applied for a patent and let us hope that they will [[w:copyleft]] the patent as this protective method needs to be rolled out to protect the humanity.
'''Below transcluded [[Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|from the article]]'''
{{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|what-is-it}} {{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|original-reporting}}
'''This new counter-measure needs to be rolled out to humans to protect humans against the fake human-like voices.'''
{{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|embed}}
=== On known history of digital sound-alikes ===
[[File:Helsingin-Sanomat-2012-David-Martin-Howard-of-University-of-York-on-apporaching-digital-sound-alikes.jpg|right|thumb|338px|A picture of a cut-away titled "''Voice-terrorist could mimic a leader''" from a 2012 [[w:Helsingin Sanomat]] warning that the sound-like-anyone machines are approaching. Thank you to homie [https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/david-martin-howard(ecfa9e9e-1290-464f-981a-0c70a534609e).html Prof. David Martin Howard] of the [[w:University of York]], UK and the anonymous editor for the heads-up.]]
[[File:Helsingin-Sanomat-2012-David-Martin-Howard-of-University-of-York-on-apporaching-digital-sound-alikes.jpg|right|thumb|338px|A picture of a cut-away titled "''Voice-terrorist could mimic a leader''" from a 2012 [[w:Helsingin Sanomat]] warning that the sound-like-anyone machines are approaching. Thank you to homie [https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/david-martin-howard(ecfa9e9e-1290-464f-981a-0c70a534609e).html Prof. David Martin Howard] of the [[w:University of York]], UK and the anonymous editor for the heads-up.]]


Living people can defend<ref group="footnote" name="judiciary maybe not aware">Whether a suspect can defend against faked synthetic speech that sounds like him/her depends on how up-to-date the judiciary is. If no information and instructions about digital sound-alikes have been given to the judiciary, they likely will not believe the defense of denying that the recording is of the suspect's voice.</ref> themselves against digital sound-alike by denying the things the digital sound-alike says if they are presented to the target, but dead people cannot. Digital sound-alikes offer criminals new disinformation attack vectors and wreak havoc on provability.  
The first English speaking digital sound-alikes were first introduced in 2016 by Adobe and Deepmind, but neither of them were made publicly available.
<section begin=GoogleTransferLearning2018 />
Then in '''2018''' at the '''[[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]]''' (NeurIPS) the work [http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7700-transfer-learning-from-speaker-verification-to-multispeaker-text-to-speech-synthesis 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis'] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04558 at arXiv.org]) was presented. The pre-trained model is able to steal voices from a sample of only '''5 seconds''' with almost convincing results
 
The Iframe below is transcluded from [https://google.github.io/tacotron/publications/speaker_adaptation/ ''''''Audio samples from "Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis"'''''' at google.gituhub.io], the audio samples of a sound-like-anyone machine presented as at the 2018 [[w:NeurIPS]] conference by Google researchers.
 
Have a listen.
 
{{#Widget:Iframe - Audio samples from Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis by Google Research}}
 
Observe how good the "VCTK p240" system is at deceiving to think that it is a person that is doing the talking.
 
<section end=GoogleTransferLearning2018 />
 
''' Reporting on the sound-like-anyone-machines '''
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2019/05/06/artificial-intelligence-can-now-copy-your-voice-what-does-that-mean-for-humans/#617f6d872a2a '''"Artificial Intelligence Can Now Copy Your Voice: What Does That Mean For Humans?"''' May 2019 reporting at forbes.com] on [[w:Baidu Research]]'es attempt at the sound-like-anyone-machine demonstrated at the 2018 [[w:NeurIPS]] conference.
 
 
The to the right [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sR1rU3gLzQ video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' at YouTube] describes the voice thieving machine presented by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|w:NeurIPS]] 2018.
 
{{#ev:youtube|0sR1rU3gLzQ|640px|right|Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sR1rU3gLzQ video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' at YouTube] describes the voice thieving machine by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|w:NeurIPS]] 2018.}}
 
=== Documented crimes with digital sound-alikes ===
In 2019 reports of crimes being committed with digital sound-alikes started surfacing. As of Jan 2022 no reports of other types of attack than fraud have been found.
 
==== 2019 digital sound-alike enabled fraud  ====
By 2019 digital sound-alike anyone technology found its way to the hands of criminals. In '''2019''' [[w:NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] researchers knew of 3 cases where digital sound-alike technology had been used for '''[[w:crime]]'''.<ref name="Washington Post reporting on 2019 digital sound-alike fraud" />
 
Of these crimes the most publicized was a fraud case in March 2019 where 220,000€ were defrauded with the use of a real-time digital sound-alike.<ref name="WSJ original reporting on 2019 digital sound-alike fraud" /> The company that was the victim of this fraud had bought some kind of cyberscam insurance from French insurer [[w:Euler Hermes]] and the case came to light when Mr. Rüdiger Kirsch of Euler Hermes informed [[w:The Wall Street Journal]] about it.<ref name="Forbes reporting on 2019 digital sound-alike fraud" />
 
''' Reporting on the 2019 digital sound-alike enabled fraud '''
* [https://www.wsj.com/articles/fraudsters-use-ai-to-mimic-ceos-voice-in-unusual-cybercrime-case-11567157402 '''''Fraudsters Used AI to Mimic CEO’s Voice in Unusual Cybercrime Case''''' at wsj.com] original reporting, date unknown, updated 2019-08-30<ref name="WSJ original reporting on 2019 digital sound-alike fraud">
 
{{cite web
|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fraudsters-use-ai-to-mimic-ceos-voice-in-unusual-cybercrime-case-11567157402
|title=Fraudsters Used AI to Mimic CEO’s Voice in Unusual Cybercrime Case
|last=Stupp
|first=Catherine
|date=2019-08-30
|website=[[w:wsj.com]]
|publisher=[[w:The Wall Street Journal]]
|access-date=2022-01-01
|quote=}}


For these reasons the bannable '''raw materials''' i.e. covert voice models '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|should be prohibited by law]]''' in order to protect humans from abuse by criminal parties.
</ref>


=== Documented digital sound-alike attacks ===
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48908736 '''"Fake voices 'help cyber-crooks steal cash''''" at bbc.com] July 2019 reporting <ref name="BBC reporting on 2019 digital sound-alike fraud">
* Sound like anyone technology found its way to the hands of criminals as in '''2019''' [[w:NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] researchers knew of 3 cases where technology has been used for '''[[w:crime]]'''
** [https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48908736 '''"Fake voices 'help cyber-crooks steal cash''''" at bbc.com] July 2019 reporting <ref name="BBC2019">
{{cite web
{{cite web
  |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48908736
  |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48908736
Line 131: Line 247:
  |quote= }}
  |quote= }}
</ref>
</ref>
** [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/ '''"An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft"''' at washingtonpost.com] documents a [[w:fraud]] committed with digital sound-like-anyone-machine, July 2019 reporting.<ref name="WaPo2019">
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/ '''"An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft"''' at washingtonpost.com] documents a [[w:fraud]] committed with digital sound-like-anyone-machine, July 2019 reporting.<ref name="Washington Post reporting on 2019 digital sound-alike fraud">
{{cite web
{{cite web
  |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/
  |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/
Line 141: Line 257:
  |publisher= [[w:Washington Post]]
  |publisher= [[w:Washington Post]]
  |access-date= 2019-07-22
  |access-date= 2019-07-22
  |quote= }}
  |quote=Researchers at the cybersecurity firm Symantec said they have found at least three cases of executives’ voices being mimicked to swindle companies. Symantec declined to name the victim companies or say whether the Euler Hermes case was one of them, but it noted that the losses in one of the cases totaled millions of dollars.}}
</ref>
</ref>
----
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/jessedamiani/2019/09/03/a-voice-deepfake-was-used-to-scam-a-ceo-out-of-243000/ '''''A Voice Deepfake Was Used To Scam A CEO Out Of $243,000''''' at forbes.com], 2019-09-03 reporting<ref name="Forbes reporting on 2019 digital sound-alike fraud">
 
{{cite web
|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jessedamiani/2019/09/03/a-voice-deepfake-was-used-to-scam-a-ceo-out-of-243000/
|title=A Voice Deepfake Was Used To Scam A CEO Out Of $243,000
|last=Damiani
|first=Jesse
|date=2019-09-03
|website=[[w:Forbes.com]]
|publisher=[[w:Forbes]]
|access-date=2022-01-01
|quote=According to a new report in The Wall Street Journal, the CEO of an unnamed UK-based energy firm believed he was on the phone with his boss, the chief executive of firm’s the German parent company, when he followed the orders to immediately transfer €220,000 (approx. $243,000) to the bank account of a Hungarian supplier. In fact, the voice belonged to a fraudster using AI voice technology to spoof the German chief executive. Rüdiger Kirsch of Euler Hermes Group SA, the firm’s insurance company, shared the information with WSJ.}}


=== 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis' 2018 by Google Research (external transclusion) ===
</ref>
<section begin=GoogleTransferLearning2018 />
* In the '''2018''' at the '''[[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]]''' (NeurIPS) the work [http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7700-transfer-learning-from-speaker-verification-to-multispeaker-text-to-speech-synthesis 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis'] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04558 at arXiv.org]) was presented. The pre-trained model is able to steal voices from a sample of only '''5 seconds''' with almost convincing results


Observe how good the "VCTK p240" system is at deceiving to think that it is a person that is doing the talking.
==== 2020 digital sound-alike fraud attempt ====
In June 2020 fraud was attempted with a poor quality pre-recorded digital sound-alike with delivery method was voicemail. ([https://soundcloud.com/jason-koebler/redacted-clip '''Listen to a redacted clip''' at soundcloud.com]) The recipient in a tech company didn't believe the voicemail to be real and alerted the company and they realized that someone tried to scam them. The company called in Nisos to investigate the issue. Nisos analyzed the evidence and they were certain it was a fake, but had aspects of a cut-and-paste job to it. Nisos prepared [https://www.nisos.com/blog/synthetic-audio-deepfake/ a report titled '''''"The Rise of Synthetic Audio Deepfakes"''''' at nisos.com] on the issue and shared it with Motherboard, part of [[w:Vice (magazine)]] prior to its release.<ref name="Vice reporting on 2020 digital sound-alike fraud attempt">


{{#Widget:Iframe - Audio samples from Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis by Google Research}}
{{cite web
|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkyqvb/deepfake-audio-impersonating-ceo-fraud-attempt
|title=Listen to This Deepfake Audio Impersonating a CEO in Brazen Fraud Attempt
|last=Franceschi-Bicchierai
|first=Lorenzo
|date=2020-07-23
|website=[[w:Vice.com]]
|publisher=[[w:Vice (magazine)]]
|access-date=2022-01-03
|quote=}}


The Iframe above is transcluded from [https://google.github.io/tacotron/publications/speaker_adaptation/ 'Audio samples from "Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis"' at google.gituhub.io], the audio samples of a sound-like-anyone machine presented as at the 2018 [[w:NeurIPS]] conference by Google researchers.
<section end=GoogleTransferLearning2018 />


=== Digital sing-alikes ===
</ref>
The to the right [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sR1rU3gLzQ video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' at YouTube] describes the voice thieving machine presented by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|w:NeurIPS]] 2018.
{{#ev:youtube|0sR1rU3gLzQ|640px|right|Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sR1rU3gLzQ video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' at YouTube] describes the voice thieving machine by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|w:NeurIPS]] 2018.}}


As of 2020 the digital sing-alikes may not yet be here, but when we hear a faked singing voice and we cannot hear that it is fake, then we will know. An ability to sing does not seem to add much hostile capabilities compared to the ability to thieve spoken word.
==== 2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud ====


* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.11690 ''''''Fast and High-Quality Singing Voice Synthesis System based on Convolutional Neural Networks'''''' at arxiv.org], a 2019 singing voice synthesis technique using [[w:convolutional neural network|w:convolutional neural networks (CNN)]]. Accepted into the 2020 [[w:International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing|International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)]].
<section begin=2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud />The 2nd publicly known fraud done with a digital sound-alike<ref group="1st seen in" name="2021 digital sound-alike fraud case">https://www.reddit.com/r/VocalSynthesis/</ref> took place on Friday 2021-01-15. A bank in Hong Kong was manipulated to wire money to numerous bank accounts by using a voice stolen from one of the their client company's directors. They managed to defraud $35 million of the U.A.E. based company's money.<ref name="Forbes reporting on 2021 digital sound-alike fraud">https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/10/14/huge-bank-fraud-uses-deep-fake-voice-tech-to-steal-millions/</ref>. This case came into light when Forbes saw [https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21085009-hackers-use-deep-voice-tech-in-400k-theft a document] where the U.A.E. financial authorities were seeking administrative assistance from the US authorities towards the end of recovering a small portion of the defrauded money that had been sent to bank accounts in the USA.<ref name="Forbes reporting on 2021 digital sound-alike fraud" />
* [http://compmus.ime.usp.br/sbcm/2019/papers/sbcm-2019-7.pdf ''''''State of art of real-time singing voice synthesis'''''' at compmus.ime.usp.br] presented at the 2019 [http://compmus.ime.usp.br/sbcm/2019/program/ 17th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Music]
* [http://theses.fr/2017PA066511 ''''''Synthesis and expressive transformation of singing voice'''''' at theses.fr] [https://www.theses.fr/2017PA066511.pdf as .pdf] a 2017 doctorate thesis by [http://theses.fr/227185943 Luc Ardaillon]
* [http://mtg.upf.edu/node/512 ''''''Synthesis of the Singing Voice by Performance Sampling and Spectral Models'''''' at mtg.upf.edu], a 2007 journal article in the [[w:IEEE Signal Processing Society]]'s Signal Processing Magazine
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4295714_Speech-to-Singing_Synthesis_Converting_Speaking_Voices_to_Singing_Voices_by_Controlling_Acoustic_Features_Unique_to_Singing_Voices ''''''Speech-to-Singing Synthesis: Converting Speaking Voices to Singing Voices by Controlling Acoustic Features Unique to Singing Voices'''''' at researchgate.net], a November 2007 paper published in the IEEE conference on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics


'''Reporting on the 2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud'''


* [[w:Category:Singing software synthesizers]]
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/10/14/huge-bank-fraud-uses-deep-fake-voice-tech-to-steal-millions/ '''''Fraudsters Cloned Company Director’s Voice In $35 Million Bank Heist, Police Find''''' at forbes.com] 2021-10-14 original reporting
* [https://www.unite.ai/deepfaked-voice-enabled-35-million-bank-heist-in-2020/ '''''Deepfaked Voice Enabled $35 Million Bank Heist in 2020''''' at unite.ai]<ref group="1st seen in" name="2021 digital sound-alike fraud case" /> reporting updated on 2021-10-15
* [https://www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/usd-35m-voice-cloning-heist '''''USD 35m voice cloning heist''''' at aiaaic.org], October 2021 AIAAIC repository entry
<section end=2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud />


----
'''More fraud cases with digital sound-alikes'''
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/03/05/ai-voice-scam/ '''''They thought loved ones were calling for help. It was an AI scam.''''' at washingtonpost.com], March 2023 reporting


=== Example of a hypothetical 4-victim digital sound-alike attack ===
=== Example of a hypothetical 4-victim digital sound-alike attack ===
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# Victim #3 - It could also be viewed that victim #3 is our law enforcement systems as they are put to chase after and interrogate the innocent victim #1
# Victim #3 - It could also be viewed that victim #3 is our law enforcement systems as they are put to chase after and interrogate the innocent victim #1
# Victim #4 - Our judiciary which prosecutes and possibly convicts the innocent victim #1.
# Victim #4 - Our judiciary which prosecutes and possibly convicts the innocent victim #1.
Thus it is high time to act and to '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|criminalize the covert modeling of human voice!]]'''


=== Examples of speech synthesis software not quite able to fool a human yet ===
=== Examples of speech synthesis software not quite able to fool a human yet ===
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* '''[https://cstr-edinburgh.github.io/merlin/ Merlin]''', a [[w:neural network]] based speech synthesis system by the Centre for Speech Technology Research at the [[w:University of Edinburgh]]
* '''[https://cstr-edinburgh.github.io/merlin/ Merlin]''', a [[w:neural network]] based speech synthesis system by the Centre for Speech Technology Research at the [[w:University of Edinburgh]]
* [https://papers.nips.cc/paper/8206-neural-voice-cloning-with-a-few-samples ''''Neural Voice Cloning with a Few Samples''' at papers.nips.cc], [[w:Baidu Research]]'es shot at sound-like-anyone-machine did not convince in '''2018'''
* [https://papers.nips.cc/paper/8206-neural-voice-cloning-with-a-few-samples ''''Neural Voice Cloning with a Few Samples''' at papers.nips.cc], [[w:Baidu Research]]'es shot at sound-like-anyone-machine did not convince in '''2018'''
=== Reporting on the sound-like-anyone-machines ===
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2019/05/06/artificial-intelligence-can-now-copy-your-voice-what-does-that-mean-for-humans/#617f6d872a2a '''"Artificial Intelligence Can Now Copy Your Voice: What Does That Mean For Humans?"''' May 2019 reporting at forbes.com] on [[w:Baidu Research]]'es attempt at the sound-like-anyone-machine demonstrated at the 2018 [[w:NeurIPS]] conference.


=== Temporal limit of digital sound-alikes ===
=== Temporal limit of digital sound-alikes ===
Line 219: Line 345:


[[File:Spectrogram-19thC.png|thumb|right|640px|A [[w:spectrogram]] of a male voice saying 'nineteenth century']]
[[File:Spectrogram-19thC.png|thumb|right|640px|A [[w:spectrogram]] of a male voice saying 'nineteenth century']]
=== What should we do about digital sound-alikes? ===
Living people can defend<ref group="footnote" name="judiciary maybe not aware">Whether a suspect can defend against faked synthetic speech that sounds like him/her depends on how up-to-date the judiciary is. If no information and instructions about digital sound-alikes have been given to the judiciary, they likely will not believe the defense of denying that the recording is of the suspect's voice.</ref> themselves against digital sound-alike by denying the things the digital sound-alike says if they are presented to the target, but dead people cannot. Digital sound-alikes offer criminals new disinformation attack vectors and wreak havoc on provability.
For these reasons the bannable '''raw materials''' i.e. covert voice models '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|should be prohibited by law]]''' in order to protect humans from abuse by criminal parties.
It is high time to act and to '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|criminalize the covert modeling of human voice!]]'''


== Text syntheses ==
== Text syntheses ==
[[w:Chatbot]]s have existed for a longer time, but only now armed with AI they are becoming more deceiving.  
[[w:Chatbot]]s and [[w:spamming]] have existed for a longer time, but only now armed with AI they are becoming more deceiving.  


In [[w:natural language processing]] development in [[w:natural-language understanding]] leads to more cunning [[w:natural-language generation]] AI.
In [[w:natural language processing]] development in [[w:natural-language understanding]] leads to more cunning [[w:natural-language generation]] AI.
'''[[w:Large language model]]s''' ('''LLM''') are very large [[w:language model]]s consisting of a [[w:Artificial neural network|w:neural network]] with many parameters.


[[w:OpenAI]]'s [[w:OpenAI#GPT|w:Generative Pre-trained Transformer]] ('''GPT''') is a left-to-right [[w:transformer (machine learning model)]]-based [[w:Natural-language generation|text generation]] model succeeded by [[w:OpenAI#GPT-2|w:GPT-2]] and [[w:OpenAI#GPT-3|w:GPT-3]]
[[w:OpenAI]]'s [[w:OpenAI#GPT|w:Generative Pre-trained Transformer]] ('''GPT''') is a left-to-right [[w:transformer (machine learning model)]]-based [[w:Natural-language generation|text generation]] model succeeded by [[w:OpenAI#GPT-2|w:GPT-2]] and [[w:OpenAI#GPT-3|w:GPT-3]]
November 2022 saw the publication of OpenAI's '''[[w:ChatGPT]]''', a conversational artificial intelligence.
'''[[w:Bard (chatbot)]]''' is a conversational [[w:generative artificial intelligence]] [[w:chatbot]] developed by [[w:Google]], based on the [[w:LaMDA]] family of [[w:large language models]]. It was developed as a direct response to the rise of [[w:OpenAI]]'s [[w:ChatGPT]], and was released in March 2023. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bard_(chatbot)&oldid=1152361586 Wikipedia])
''' Reporting / announcements ''' (in reverse chronology)
* [https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/02/07/reinventing-search-with-a-new-ai-powered-microsoft-bing-and-edge-your-copilot-for-the-web/ '''''Reinventing search with a new AI-powered Microsoft Bing and Edge, your copilot for the web''''' at blogs.microsoft.com] '''February 2023''' (2023-02-07). The new improved Bing, available only in Microsoft's Edge browser is reportedly based on a language model refined from GPT 3.5.<ref>https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/7/23587454/microsoft-bing-edge-chatgpt-ai</ref>


''' Reporting / announcements '''
* [https://openai.com/blog/new-ai-classifier-for-indicating-ai-written-text '''New AI classifier for indicating AI-written text''' at openai.com], a '''January 2023''' blog post about OpenAI's AI classifier for detecting AI-written texts.
 
* [https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt '''''Introducing ChatGPT''''' at openai.com] '''November 2022''' (2022-11-30)


* [https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/14/1006780/ai-gpt-3-fake-blog-reached-top-of-hacker-news/ ''''A college kid’s fake, AI-generated blog fooled tens of thousands. This is how he made it.'''' at technologyreview.com] '''August 2020''' reporting in the [[w:MIT Technology Review]] by Karen Hao about GPT-3.
* [https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/14/1006780/ai-gpt-3-fake-blog-reached-top-of-hacker-news/ ''''A college kid’s fake, AI-generated blog fooled tens of thousands. This is how he made it.'''' at technologyreview.com] '''August 2020''' reporting in the [[w:MIT Technology Review]] by Karen Hao about GPT-3.
Line 239: Line 384:
''' External links '''
''' External links '''
* [https://analyticssteps.com/blogs/detection-fake-and-false-news-text-analysis-approaches-and-cnn-deep-learning-model '''"Detection of Fake and False News (Text Analysis): Approaches and CNN as Deep Learning Model"''' at analyticsteps.com], a 2019 summmary written by Shubham Panth.
* [https://analyticssteps.com/blogs/detection-fake-and-false-news-text-analysis-approaches-and-cnn-deep-learning-model '''"Detection of Fake and False News (Text Analysis): Approaches and CNN as Deep Learning Model"''' at analyticsteps.com], a 2019 summmary written by Shubham Panth.
=== Detectors for synthesized texts ===
Introduction of [[w:ChatGPT]] by OpenAI brought the need for software to detect machine-generated texts.
Try AI plagiarism detection for free
* [https://contentdetector.ai/ '''AI Content Detector''' at contentdetector.ai]- ''AI Content Detector - Detect ChatGPT Plagiarism'' ('''try for free''')
* [https://platform.openai.com/ai-text-classifier '''AI Text Classifier''' at platform.openai.com]- ''The AI Text Classifier is a fine-tuned GPT model that predicts how likely it is that a piece of text was generated by AI from a variety of sources, such as ChatGPT.'' ('''free account required''')
* [https://gptradar.com/ '''GPT Radar''' at gptradar.com] - ''AI text detector app'' ('''try for free''')<ref group="1st seen in" name="Wordlift.io 2023">https://wordlift.io/blog/en/best-plagiarism-checkers-for-ai-generated-content/</ref>
* [https://gptzero.me/ '''GPTZero''' at gptzero.me] - ''The World's #1 AI Detector with over 1 Million Users'' ('''try for free''')
* [https://copyleaks.com/plagiarism-checker '''Plagiarism Checker''' at copyleaks.com]- ''Plagiarism Checker by Copyleaks'' ('''try for free''')<ref group="1st seen in" name="Wordlift.io 2023" />
* https://gowinston.ai/ - ''The most powerful AI content detection solution'' ('''free-tier available''')<ref group="1st seen in" name="Wordlift.io 2023" />
* [https://www.zerogpt.com/ '''ZeroGPT''' at zerogpt.com]<ref group="1st seen in" name="Wordlift.io 2023" /> - ''GPT-4 And ChatGPT detector by ZeroGPT: detect OpenAI text - ZeroGPT the most Advanced and Reliable Chat GPT and GPT-4 detector tool'' ('''try for free''')
For-a-fee AI plagiarism detection tools
* https://originality.ai/ - ''The Most Accurate AI Content Detector and Plagiarism Checker Built for Serious Content Publishers''<ref group="1st seen in" name="Wordlift.io 2023" />
* https://www.turnitin.com/ - ''Empower students to do their best, original work''<ref group="1st seen in" name="Wordlift.io 2023" />


== Handwriting syntheses ==
== Handwriting syntheses ==
Line 246: Line 409:
# Offensively, to thieve somebody else's handwriting style
# Offensively, to thieve somebody else's handwriting style


Here we find a similar risk to that which realized when the [[w:speaker recognition]] systems turning out to be instrumental in the development of [[#Digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alikes]]. After the knowledge needed to recognize a speaker was [[w:Transfer learning|w:transferred]] into a generative task in 2018 by Google researchers, we no longer cannot effectively determine for English speakers which recording is human in origin and which is from a machine origin.
If the handwriting-like synthesis passes human and media forensics testing, it is a '''digital handwrite-alike'''.
 
* [https://github.com/topics/handwriting-generation GitHub topic '''handwriting-generation'''] has 21 public repositories as of September 2021.
* [https://github.com/topics/handwriting-synthesis GitHub topic '''handwriting-synthesis'''] has 29 public repositories as of September 2021.


Here we find a '''risk''' similar to that which realized when the '''[[w:speaker recognition]] systems''' turned out to be instrumental in the development of '''[[#Digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alikes]]'''. After the knowledge needed to recognize a speaker was [[w:Transfer learning|w:transferred]] into a generative task in 2018 by Google researchers, we no longer cannot effectively determine for English speakers which recording is human in origin and which is from a machine origin.


'''Handwriting-like syntheses''':
'''Handwriting-like syntheses''':
[[w:Recurrent neural network]]s (RNN) seem are a popular choice for this task.


* [https://www.calligrapher.ai/ '''Calligrapher.ai''' - ''Realistic computer-generated handwriting''] - The user may control parameters: speed, legibility, stroke width and style. The domain is registered by some organization in Iceland and the website offers no about-page.
* [https://github.com/topics/handwriting-synthesis GitHub topic '''handwriting-synthesis'''] has 29 public repositories as of September 2021.  
* [https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~graves/handwriting.html '''''Recurrent neural network handwriting generation demo''''' at cs.toronto.edu] is a demonstration site for publication [https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.0850  '''''Generating Sequences With Recurrent Neural Networks''''' at arxiv.org] published on '''2013'''-08-04 in Neural and Evolutionary Computing.
* [https://github.com/topics/handwriting-generation GitHub topic '''handwriting-generation'''] has 21 public repositories as of September 2021.
* [https://greydanus.github.io/2016/08/21/handwriting/ '''Scribe''' - ''Generating Realistic Handwriting with TensorFlow'' at greydanus.github.io] blog post published on '''2016'''-08-21. [https://github.com/greydanus/scribe '''Scribe code''' at github.com]


== Countermeasures against synthetic human-like fakes ==


<section begin=APW_AI-transclusion />
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031320319303814 '''''Deep imitator: Handwriting calligraphy imitation via deep attention networks'''' at sciencedirect.com], published in [[w:Pattern Recognition (journal)]] in August '''2020'''.
=== Organizations against synthetic human-like fakes ===


[[File:DARPA_Logo.jpg|thumb|right|240px|The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, better known as [[w:DARPA]] has been active in the field of countering synthetic fake video for longer than the public has been aware of the problems existing.]]
* [https://greydanus.github.io/2016/08/21/handwriting/ '''Scribe''' - ''Generating Realistic Handwriting with TensorFlow'' at greydanus.github.io] blog post published on '''2016'''-08-21. [https://github.com/greydanus/scribe '''Scribe code''' at github.com]


* '''[[w:DARPA]]''' ([https://www.darpa.mil/ darpa.mil]) [https://contact.darpa.mil/ contact form]<ref group="contact">
* [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2886099 '''''My Text in Your Handwriting''''' at dl.acm.org], a system from [[w:University College London]] published on '''2016'''-05-18 in [[w:ACM Transactions on Graphics]].<ref group="1st seen in">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2016/aug/new-computer-programme-replicates-handwriting via Google search for "ai handwriting generator"</ref>
* '''The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency'''
* Contact form https://contact.darpa.mil/


* Email: outreach@darpa.mil
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.0850  '''''Generating Sequences With Recurrent Neural Networks''''' at arxiv.org] by Alex Graves published on '''2013'''-08-04 in Neural and Evolutionary Computing.
:#[https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~graves/handwriting.html '''''Recurrent neural network handwriting generation demo''''' at cs.toronto.edu] is a demonstration site for publication
:# [https://www.calligrapher.ai/ '''Calligrapher.ai''' - ''Realistic computer-generated handwriting''] - The user may control parameters: speed, legibility, stroke width and style. The domain is registered by some organization in Iceland and the website offers no about-page<ref group="1st seen in">https://seanvasquez.com/handwriting-generation redirects to Calligrapher.ai - seen in https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/gh9cbg/p_generate_handwriting_with_an_inbrowser/</ref>. According to [https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/gh9cbg/p_generate_handwriting_with_an_inbrowser/ this reddit post] Calligrapher.ai is based on Graves' 2013 work, but "''adds an [[w:inference]] model to allow for sampling latent style vectors (similar to the VAE model used by SketchRNN)''".<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/gh9cbg/p_generate_handwriting_with_an_inbrowser/</ref>


* Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
''' Handwriting recognition '''
* 675 North Randolph Street
* Arlington, VA 22203-2114


* Phone  1-703-526-6630
* '''[[w:Handwriting recognition]]''' ('''HWR'''), also known as '''Handwritten Text Recognition''' ('''HTR'''), is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret intelligible [[w:handwriting|w:handwritten]] input (Wikipedia)
* '''[[w:Intelligent word recognition]]''', or '''IWR''', is the recognition of unconstrained handwritten words.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.efilecabinet.com/what-is-iwr-intelligent-word-recognition-how-is-it-related-to-document-management/
|title=What is IWR? (Intelligent Word Recognition)
|date=2016-01-04
|website=eFileCabinet
|language=en-US
|access-date=2021-09-21
}}


</ref> (Wikipedia)


</ref>[https://www.darpa.mil/program/media-forensics '''DARPA program''': ''''Media Forensics'''' ('''MediFor''') at darpa.mil] aims to develop technologies for the automated assessment of the integrity of an image or video and integrating these in an end-to-end media forensics platform. Archive.org first crawled their homepage in [https://web.archive.org/web/20160630154819/https://www.darpa.mil/program/media-forensics June '''2016''']<ref name="IA-MediFor-2016-crawl">https://web.archive.org/web/20160630154819/https://www.darpa.mil/program/media-forensics</ref>.
* [https://github.com/topics/handwriting-recognition GitHub topic '''handwriting-recognition'''] contains 238 repositories as of September 2021.


* [https://www.darpa.mil/program/semantic-forensics '''DARPA program''': ''''Semantic Forensics'''' ('''SemaFor''') at darpa.mil] aims to counter synthetic disinformation by developing systems for detecting semantic inconsistencies in forged media. They state that they hope to create technologies that "will help identify, deter, and understand adversary disinformation campaigns". More information at [[w:Duke University]]'s [https://researchfunding.duke.edu/semantic-forensics-semafor '''Research Funding database: Semantic Forensics (SemaFor)''' at researchfunding.duke.edu] and some at [https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/view-opportunity.html?oppId=319894 '''Semantic Forensics grant opportunity''' (closed Nov 2019) at grants.gov]. Archive.org first cralwed their website in [https://web.archive.org/web/20191108090036/https://www.darpa.mil/program/semantic-forensics November '''2019''']<ref name="IA-SemaFor-2019-crawl">https://web.archive.org/web/20191108090036/https://www.darpa.mil/program/semantic-forensics November</ref>
== Singing syntheses ==


* '''[[w:University of Colorado Denver]]''''s College of Arts & Media<ref group="contact">
As of 2020 the '''digital sing-alikes''' may not yet be here, but when we hear a faked singing voice and we cannot hear that it is fake, then we will know. An ability to sing does not seem to add much hostile capabilities compared to the ability to thieve spoken word.
* '''National Center for Media Forensics''' at https://artsandmedia.ucdenver.edu


* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.11690 ''''''Fast and High-Quality Singing Voice Synthesis System based on Convolutional Neural Networks'''''' at arxiv.org], a 2019 singing voice synthesis technique using [[w:convolutional neural network|w:convolutional neural networks (CNN)]]. Accepted into the 2020 [[w:International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing|International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)]].
* [http://compmus.ime.usp.br/sbcm/2019/papers/sbcm-2019-7.pdf ''''''State of art of real-time singing voice synthesis'''''' at compmus.ime.usp.br] presented at the 2019 [http://compmus.ime.usp.br/sbcm/2019/program/ 17th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Music]
* [http://theses.fr/2017PA066511 ''''''Synthesis and expressive transformation of singing voice'''''' at theses.fr] [https://www.theses.fr/2017PA066511.pdf as .pdf] a 2017 doctorate thesis by [http://theses.fr/227185943 Luc Ardaillon]
* [http://mtg.upf.edu/node/512 ''''''Synthesis of the Singing Voice by Performance Sampling and Spectral Models'''''' at mtg.upf.edu], a 2007 journal article in the [[w:IEEE Signal Processing Society]]'s Signal Processing Magazine
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4295714_Speech-to-Singing_Synthesis_Converting_Speaking_Voices_to_Singing_Voices_by_Controlling_Acoustic_Features_Unique_to_Singing_Voices ''''''Speech-to-Singing Synthesis: Converting Speaking Voices to Singing Voices by Controlling Acoustic Features Unique to Singing Voices'''''' at researchgate.net], a November 2007 paper published in the IEEE conference on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics


* Email: CAM@ucdenver.edu


* [[w:Category:Singing software synthesizers]]


* College of Arts & Media
----
* National Center for Media Forensics
* CU Denver
* Arts Building
* Suite 177
* 1150 10th Street
* Denver, CO 80204
* USA


= Timeline  of synthetic human-like fakes =
See the #SSFWIKI '''[[Mediatheque]]''' for viewing media that is or is probably to do with synthetic human-like fakes.


* Phone  1-303-315-7400
== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes ==


* '''2023''' | '''<font color="orange">Real-time digital look-and-sound-alike crime</font>''' | In April a man in northern China was defrauded of 4.3 million yuan by a criminal employing a digital look-and-sound-alike pretending to be his friend on a video call made with a stolen messaging service account.<ref name="Reuters real-time digital look-and-sound-alike crime  2023"/>


</ref> is the home of the [https://artsandmedia.ucdenver.edu/areas-of-study/national-center-for-media-forensics/about-the-national-center-for-media-forensics '''National Center for Media Forensics''' at artsandmedia.ucdenver.edu] at the [[w:University of Colorado Denver]] offers a [https://artsandmedia.ucdenver.edu/areas-of-study/national-center-for-media-forensics/media-forensics-graduate-program Master's degree program], [https://artsandmedia.ucdenver.edu/areas-of-study/national-center-for-media-forensics/training-courses training courses] and [https://artsandmedia.ucdenver.edu/areas-of-study/national-center-for-media-forensics/national-center-for-media-forensics-research scientific basic and applied research]. [https://artsandmedia.ucdenver.edu/areas-of-study/national-center-for-media-forensics/faculty-staff Faculty staff at the NCMF]
* '''2023''' | '''<font color="orange">Election meddling with digital look-alikes</font>''' | The [[w:2023 Turkish presidential election]] saw numerous deepfake controversies.  


* [https://www.clemson.edu/centers-institutes/watt/hub/index.html '''Media Forensics Hub''' at clemson.edu]<ref group="contact">
** "''Ahead of the election in Turkey, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan showed a video linking his main challenger Kemal Kilicdaroglu to the militant Kurdish organization PKK.''" [...] "''Research by DW's fact-checking team in cooperation with DW's Turkish service shows that the video at the campaign rally was '''manipulated''' by '''combining two separate videos''' with totally different backgrounds and content.''" [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-turkeys-erdogan-shows-false-kilicdaroglu-video/a-65554034 reports dw.com]  


* '''Media Forensics Hub''' at Clemson University clemson.edu
* '''2023''' | March 7 th | '''<font color="red">science / demonstration</font>''' | Microsoft researchers submitted a paper for publication outlining their [https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03926 '''Cross-lingual neural codec language modeling system''' at arxiv.org] dubbed [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/vall-e-x/vall-e-x/ '''VALL-E X''' at microsoft.com], that extends upon VALL-E's capabilities to be cross-lingual and also maintaining the same "''emotional tone''" from sample to fake.  
 
 
* Media Forensics Hub
* Clemson University
* Clemson, South Carolina 29634
* USA
 
 
* Phone 1-864-656-3311
 
</ref> at the Watt Family Innovation Center of the '''[[w:Clemson University]]''' has the aims of promoting multi-disciplinary research, collecting and facilitating discussion and ideation of challenges and solutions. They provide [https://www.clemson.edu/centers-institutes/watt/hub/resources/ resources], [https://www.clemson.edu/centers-institutes/watt/hub/connect-collab/research.html research], [https://www.clemson.edu/centers-institutes/watt/hub/connect-collab/education.html media forensics education] and are running a [https://www.clemson.edu/centers-institutes/watt/hub/connect-collab/wg-disinfo.html '''Working Group''' on '''disinformation'''].<ref group="contact">mediaforensics@clemson.edu</ref>
 
* [https://lab.witness.org/ '''The WITNESS Media Lab''' at lab.witness.org] by [[w:Witness (organization)]][https://www.witness.org/get-involved/ contact form]) ([https://www.witness.org/get-involved/ contact form])<ref group="contact">
 
* '''WITNESS''' (Media Lab)
* Contact form https://www.witness.org/get-involved/ incl. mailing list subscription possiblity
 
 
* WITNESS
* 80 Hanson Place, 5th Floor
* Brooklyn, NY 11217
* USA
 
 
* Phone: 1.718.783.2000
 
 
</ref>, a human rights non-profit organization based out of Brooklyn, New York, is against synthetic filth actively since 2018. They work both in awareness raising as well as media forensics.
** [https://lab.witness.org/projects/osint-digital-forensics/ '''Open-source intelligence digital forensics''' - ''How do we work together to detect AI-manipulated media?'' at lab.witness.org]. "''In February '''2019''' WITNESS in association with [[w:George Washington University]] brought together a group of leading researchers in [[Glossary#Media forensics|media forensics]] and [[w:detection]] of [[w:deepfakes]] and other [[w:media manipulation]] with leading experts in social newsgathering, [[w:User-generated content]] and [[w:open-source intelligence]] ([[w:OSINT]]) verification and [[w:fact-checking]].''" (website)
** [https://lab.witness.org/projects/synthetic-media-and-deep-fakes/ '''Prepare, Don’t Panic: Synthetic Media and Deepfakes''' at lab.witness.org] is a summary page for WITNESS Media Lab's ongoing work against synthetic human-like fakes. Their work was launched in '''2018''' with the first multi-disciplinary convening around deepfakes preparedness which lead to the writing of the [http://witness.mediafire.com/file/q5juw7dc3a2w8p7/Deepfakes_Final.pdf/file  '''report''' “'''Mal-uses of AI-generated Synthetic Media and Deepfakes: Pragmatic Solutions Discovery Convening'''”] (dated 2018-06-11). [https://blog.witness.org/2018/07/deepfakes/ '''''Deepfakes and Synthetic Media: What should we fear? What can we do?''''' at blog.witness.org]
 
[[File:Connie Leyva 2015.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[w:California]] [[w:California State Senate|w:Senator]] [[w:Connie Leyva]] sponsored [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB564&showamends=false '''California Senate Bill SB 564''' - ''Depiction of individual using digital or electronic technology: sexually explicit material: cause of action''] in Feb '''2019'''. It is identical to Assembly Bill 602 authored by [[w:Marc Berman]]. The bill was [https://www.sagaftra.org/action-alert-support-california-bill-end-deepfake-porn endorsed by SAG-AFTRA]. It became law on 1 January 2020 in the [[w:California Civil Code|w:California Civil Code]] of the [[w:California Codes]].]]
 
*  '''Screen Actors Guild - American Federation of Television and Radio Artists''' - '''[[w:SAG-AFTRA]]''' ([https://www.sagaftra.org/ sagaftra.org] [https://servicesagaftra.custhelp.com/app/ask contact form]<ref group="contact">
 
* '''Screen Actors Guild - American Federation of Television and Radio Artists''' at https://www.sagaftra.org/
 
 
* Screen Actors Guild - American Federation of Television and Radio Artists
* 5757 Wilshire Boulevard, 7th Floor
* Los Angeles, California 90036
* USA
 
 
* Phone: 1-855-724-2387
* Email: info@sagaftra.org
 
 
* https://www.sagaftra.org/contact-us
</ref> [https://www.sagaftra.org/action-alert-support-california-bill-end-deepfake-porn SAG-AFTRA ACTION ALERT: '''"Support California Bill to End Deepfake Porn"''' at sagaftra.org '''endorses'''] [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB564 California Senate Bill SB 564] introduced to the  [[w:California State Senate]] by [[w:California]] [[w:Connie Leyva|w:Senator Connie Leyva]] in Feb '''2019'''.
 
=== Organizations possibly against synthetic human-like fakes ===
 
Originally harvested from the study [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/634452/EPRS_STU(2020)634452_EN.pdf The ethics of artificial intelligence: Issues and initiatives (.pdf)]  by the [[w:European Parliamentary Research Service]], published on the [[w:Europa (web portal)]] in March 2020.<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020">


* '''2023''' | January 5th | '''<font color="red">science / demonstration</font>''' | Microsoft researchers announced [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/vall-e/ '''''VALL-E''''' - Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers (at microsoft.com)] that is able to thieve a voice from only '''3 seconds of sample''' and it is also able to mimic the "''emotional tone''" of the sample the synthesis if produced of.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url= https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/634452/EPRS_STU(2020)634452_EN.pdf
| url = https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/01/microsofts-new-ai-can-simulate-anyones-voice-with-3-seconds-of-audio/
|title= The ethics of artificial intelligence: Issues and initiatives
| title = Microsoft’s new AI can simulate anyone’s voice with 3 seconds of audio
|last=  
| last = Edwards
|first=
| first = Benj
|date= March 2020
| date = 2023-01-10
|website= [[w:Europa (web portal)]]
| website = [[w:Arstechnica.com]]
|publisher=[[w:European Parliamentary Research Service]]
| publisher = Arstechnica
|access-date=2021-02-17
| access-date = 2023-05-05
|quote=This study deals with the ethical implications and moral questions that arise from the development and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies.}}
| quote = For the paper's conclusion, they write: "Since VALL-E could synthesize speech that maintains speaker identity, it may carry potential risks in misuse of the model, such as spoofing voice identification or impersonating a specific speaker. To mitigate such risks, it is possible to build a detection model to discriminate whether an audio clip was synthesized by VALL-E. We will also put Microsoft AI Principles into practice when further developing the models."
 
}}
</ref>
</ref>


* [https://ieai.mcts.tum.de/ '''INSTITUTE FOR ETHICS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE''' at ieai.mcts.tum.de]<ref group="contact">
* '''2023''' | January 1st | '''<font color="green">Law</font>''' | {{#lst:Law on sexual offences in Finland 2023|what-is-it}}


* '''INSTITUTE FOR ETHICS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE'''
* '''2022''' | <font color="orange">'''science'''</font> and <font color="green">'''demonstration'''</font> | [[w:OpenAI]][https://openai.com/ (.com)] published [[w:ChatGPT]], a discutational AI accessible with a free account at [https://chat.openai.com/ chat.openai.com]. Initial version was published on 2022-11-30.


Visitor’s address
* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">brief report of counter-measures</font>''' | {{#lst:Protecting world leaders against deep fakes using facial, gestural, and vocal mannerisms|what-is-it}} Publication date 2022-11-23.
* Marsstrasse 40
* D-80335 Munich


Postal address
* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | {{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|what-is-it}}
* INSTITUTE FOR ETHICS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
:{{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|original-reporting}}. Presented to peers in August 2022 and to the general public in September 2022.
* Arcisstrasse 21
* D-80333 Munich
* Germany


Email
* '''2022''' | <font color="orange">'''disinformation attack'''</font> | In June 2022 a fake digital look-and-sound-alike in the appearance and voice of [[w:Vitali Klitschko]], mayor of [[w:Kyiv]], held fake video phone calls with several European mayors. The Germans determined that the video phone call was fake by contacting the Ukrainian officials. This attempt at covert disinformation attack was originally reported by [[w:Der Spiegel]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/25/european-leaders-deepfake-video-calls-mayor-of-kyiv-vitali-klitschko</ref><ref>https://www.dw.com/en/vitali-klitschko-fake-tricks-berlin-mayor-in-video-call/a-62257289</ref>
* ieai(at)mcts.tum.de


Website
* '''2022''' | science | [[w:DALL-E]] 2, a successor designed to generate more realistic images at higher resolutions that "can combine concepts, attributes, and styles" was published in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DALL·E 2 |url=https://openai.com/dall-e-2/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&oldid=1151136107 Wikipedia])
* https://ieai.mcts.tum.de


</ref> received initial funding from [[w:Facebook]] in 2019.<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/> [https://www.linkedin.com/company/ieaitum/ IEAI on LinkedIn.com]


* [https://ethical.institute/ '''The Institute for Ethical AI & Machine Learning''' at ethical.institute]([https://ethical.institute/#contact contact form] asks a lot of questions)<ref group="contact">
* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | {{#lst:Protecting President Zelenskyy against deep fakes|what-is-it}} Preprint published in February 2022 and submitted to [[w:arXiv]] in June 2022


'''The Institute for Ethical AI & Machine Learning'''
* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">science / review of counter-measures</font>''' | [https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/5/155 ''''''A Review of Modern Audio Deepfake Detection Methods: Challenges and Future Directions'''''' at mdpi.com]<ref name="Audio Deepfake detection review 2022">


Website https://ethical.institute/
{{cite journal
| last1      = Almutairi
| first1    = Zaynab
| last2      = Elgibreen
| first2    = Hebah
| date      = 2022-05-04
| title      = A Review of Modern Audio Deepfake Detection Methods: Challenges and Future Directions
| url        = https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/5/155
| journal    = [[w:Algorithms (journal)]]
| volume    =
| issue      =
| pages      =
| doi        = https://doi.org/10.3390/a15050155
| access-date = 2022-10-18
}}


Email
</ref>, a review of audio deepfake detection methods by researchers Zaynab Almutairi and Hebah Elgibreen of the [[w:King Saud University]], Saudi Arabia published in [[w:Algorithms (journal)]] on Wednesday 2022-05-04 published by the [[w:MDPI]] (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute). This article belongs to the Special Issue [https://www.mdpi.com/journal/algorithms/special_issues/Adversarial_Federated_Machine_Learning ''Commemorative Special Issue: Adversarial and Federated Machine Learning: State of the Art and New Perspectives'' at mdpi.com]


* a@ethical.institute
* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">science / counter-measure</font>''' | [https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.15563 ''''''Attacker Attribution of Audio Deepfakes'''''' at arxiv.org], a pre-print was presented at the [https://www.interspeech2022.org/ Interspeech 2022 conference] organized by [[w:International Speech Communication Association]] in Korea September 18-22 2022.


Contacted
* '''2021''' | Science and demonstration | In the NeurIPS 2021 held virtually in December researchers from Nvidia and [[w:Aalto University]] present their paper [https://nvlabs.github.io/stylegan3/ '''''Alias-Free Generative Adversarial Networks (StyleGAN3)''''' at nvlabs.github.io] and associated [https://github.com/NVlabs/stylegan3 implementation] in [[w:PyTorch]] and the results are deceivingly human-like in appearance. [https://nvlabs-fi-cdn.nvidia.com/stylegan3/stylegan3-paper.pdf StyleGAN3 paper as .pdf at nvlabs-fi-cdn.nvidia.com]
* 2021-08-14 used the contact form at https://ethical.institute/#contact
 
</ref><ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/> [https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-institute-for-ethical-machine-learning/ The Institute for Ethical AI & Machine Learning on LinkedIn.com]
 
* [https://www.buckingham.ac.uk/research-the-institute-for-ethical-ai-in-education/ '''The Institute for Ethical AI in Education''' at buckingham.ac.uk]<ref group="contact">
 
* '''The Institute for Ethical AI in Education'''
 
From
* https://www.buckingham.ac.uk/contact-us
 
Mail
* The University of Buckingham
* The Institute for Ethical AI in Education
* Hunter Street
* Buckingham
* MK18 1EG
* United Kingdom
 
</ref><ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>
 
* [https://futureoflife.org/ '''Future of Life Institute''' at futureoflife.org] ([https://futureoflife.org/contact/ contact form] with also mailing list)<ref group="contact">
 
'''Future of Life Institute'''
 
Contact form
* https://futureoflife.org/contact/
 
* No physical contact info
 
Contacted
* 2021-08-14 | Subscribed to newsletter
 
</ref> received funding from private donors.<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/> See [[w:Future of Life Institute]] for more info.
 
* [https://www.ai-gakkai.or.jp/en/ '''The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence''' ('''JSAI''') at ai-gakkai.or.jp]<ref group="contact">
 
'''The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence'''
 
Contact info
* https://www.ai-gakkai.or.jp/en/about/info/
 
Mail
* The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence
* 402, OS Bldg.
* 4-7 Tsukudo-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821
* Japan
 
Phone
* 03-5261-3401
 
 
</ref> Publication: Ethical guidelines.<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>
 
* [https://ai-4-all.org/ '''AI4All''' at ai-4-all.org] ([https://ai-4-all.org/contact/ contact form] with also mailing list subscription) <ref group="contact">
 
* '''AI4ALL'''
 
Mail
 
* AI4ALL
* 548 Market St
* PMB 95333
* San Francisco, California 94104
* USA
 
Contacted:
* 2021-08-14 | Subscribed to mailing list
 
</ref> funded by [[w:Google]]<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/> [https://www.linkedin.com/company/ai4allorg/ AI4All on LinkedIn.com]
 
* [https://thefuturesociety.org/ '''The Future Society''' at thefuturesociety.org] ([https://thefuturesociety.org/contact/ contact form] with also mailing list subscription)<ref group="contact">
 
* '''The Future Society''' at thefuturesociety.org
 
Contact
* https://thefuturesociety.org/contact/
 
* No physical contact info
 
 
</ref><ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>. Their activities include policy research, educational & leadership development programs, advisory services, seminars & summits and other special projects to advance the responsible adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and other emerging technologies.  [https://www.linkedin.com/company/thefuturesociety/ The Future Society on LinkedIn.com]
 
* [https://ainowinstitute.org/ '''The Ai Now Institute''' at ainowinstitute.org] ([https://ainowinstitute.org/contact.html contact form] and possibility to subscribe to mailing list)<ref group="contact">
 
* '''The Ai Now Institute''' at ainowinstitute.org
 
Contact
* https://ainowinstitute.org/contact.html
 
Email
* info@ainowinstitute.org
 
Contacted
* 2021-08-14 | Subscribed to mailing list
 
</ref> at [[w:New York University]]<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>. Their work is licensed under a '''Creative Commons''' Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. [https://www.linkedin.com/company/ai-now-institute/about/ The Ai Now Institute on LinkedIn.com]
 
* [https://www.partnershiponai.org/ '''Partnership on AI''' at partnershiponai.org] ([https://www.partnershiponai.org/contact/ contact form])<ref group="contact">
 
* '''Partnership on AI''' at partnershiponai.org
 
Contact
* https://www.partnershiponai.org/contact/
 
Mail
* Partnership on AI
* 115 Sansome St, Ste 1200,
* San Francisco, CA 94104
* USA
 
</ref> is based in the USA and funded by technology companies. They provide [https://www.partnershiponai.org/resources/ resources] and have a vast amount and high caliber of [https://www.partnershiponai.org/partners/ partners]. See [[w:Partnership on AI]] and [https://www.linkedin.com/company/partnershipai/ Partnership on AI on LinkedIn.com] for more info.
 
* [https://responsiblerobotics.org/ '''The Foundation for Responsible Robotics''' at responsiblerobotics.org] ([https://responsiblerobotics.org/contact/ contact form])<ref group="contact">
 
* '''The Foundation for Responsible Robotics''' at responsiblerobotics.org
 
Contact form
* https://responsiblerobotics.org/contact/
 
Email
* info@responsiblerobotics.org
 
</ref> is based in [[w:Netherlands]].<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/> [https://www.linkedin.com/company/foundation-for-responsible-robotics/about/ The Foundation for Responsible Robotics on LinkedIn.com]
 
* [https://ai4people.eu/ '''AI4People''' at ai4people.eu] ([https://ai4people.eu/contact-us/ contact form])<ref group="contact">
 
* '''AI4People''' at ai4people.eu
 
Contact form
* https://ai4people.eu/contact-us/
 
* No physical contact info
 
</ref> is based in [[w:Belgium]] is a multi-stakeholder forum.<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/> [https://www.linkedin.com/company/ai-for-people/ AI4People on LinkedIn.com]
 
* [https://aiethicsinitiative.org/ '''The Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Initiative''' at aiethicsinitiative.org] is a joint project of the [https://www.media.mit.edu/ MIT Media Lab] and the [https://cyber.harvard.edu/ Harvard Berkman-Klein Center for Internet and Society] and is based in the USA.<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>
 
* [https://www.saidot.ai/ '''Saidot''' at saidot.ai] is a Finnish company offering a platform for AI transparency, explainability and communication.<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/> [https://www.linkedin.com/company/saidot/ Saidot on LinkedIn.com]
 
* [https://www.eu-robotics.net/ '''euRobotics''' at eu-robotics.net] is funded by the [[w:European Commission]].<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>
 
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/centre-for-data-ethics-and-innovation '''Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation''' at gov.uk], part of Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport is financed by the UK govt. [https://cdei.blog.gov.uk/ '''Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation Blog''' at cdei.blog.gov.uk]<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/> [https://www.linkedin.com/company/centre-for-data-ethics-innovation/ Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation on LinkedIn.com]
 
* [http://sigai.acm.org/ '''ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence''' at sigai.acm.org] is a [[w:Special Interest Group]] on AI by [[w:Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]. [http://sigai.acm.org/aimatters/blog/ ''''''AI Matters: A Newsletter of ACM SIGAI'' -blog''' at sigai.acm.org] and [http://sigai.acm.org/aimatters/ the newsletter that the blog gets its contents from]<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>
 
* [https://ethicsinaction.ieee.org/ '''IEEE Ethics in Action - in Autonomous and Intelligent Systems''' at ethicsinaction.ieee.org] (mailing list subscription on website)<ref group="contact">
 
* '''IEEE Ethics in Action - in Autonomous and Intelligent Systems''' at ethicsinaction.ieee.org
 
Email
* aiopps@ieee.org
 
 
</ref>
 
* [https://www.counterhate.com/ '''The Center for Countering Digital Hate''' at counterhate.com] (subscribe to mailing list on website<ref group="contact">
 
Email
* info@counterhate.com
 
Contacted
* 2021-08-14 | Subscribed to mailing list
 
</ref> is an international not-for-profit NGO that seeks to disrupt the architecture of online hate and misinformation with offices in London and Washington DC.
 
* [https://carnegieendowment.org/specialprojects/counteringinfluenceoperations '''Partnership for Countering Influence Operations''' ('''PCIO''') at carnegieendowment.org] ([https://carnegieendowment.org/about/?fa=contact contact form])<ref group="contact">
 
* '''Carnegie Endowment for International Peace - Partnership for Countering Influence Operations''' ('''PCIO''') at carnegieendowment.org
 
* Contact form https://carnegieendowment.org/about/?fa=contact
 
Mail
* Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
* Partnership for Countering Influence Operations
* 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW
* Washington, DC 20036-2103
* USA
 
Phone
* 1-202-483-7600
 
Fax
* 1-202-483-1840
 
</ref> is a partnership by the [[w:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]
 
* [https://www.unglobalpulse.org/ '''UN Global Pulse''' at unglobalpulse.org] is [[w:United Nations]] Secretary-General’s initiative on big data and artificial intelligence for development, humanitarian action, and peace.
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/ '''humane-ai.eu'''] by [https://www.k4all.org/ '''Knowledge 4 All Foundation Ltd.''' at k4all.org]<ref group="contact">
 
*'''Knowledge 4 All Foundation Ltd.''' - https://www.k4all.org/
* Betchworth House
* 57-65 Station Road
* Redhill, Surrey, RH1 1DL
* UK
 
</ref>
 
=== Other essential developments ===
* [https://www.montrealdeclaration-responsibleai.com/ '''The Montréal Declaration for a Responsible Development of Artificial Intelligence''' at montrealdeclaration-responsibleai.com]<ref group="contact">
 
* '''The Montréal Declaration for a Responsible Development of Artificial Intelligence''' at montrealdeclaration-responsibleai.com
 
Phone
* 1-514-343-6111, ext. 29669
 
Email
* declaration-iaresponsable@umontreal.ca
 
 
</ref> and the same site in French [https://www.declarationmontreal-iaresponsable.com/ '''La Déclaration de Montéal IA responsable''' at declarationmontreal-iaresponsable.com]<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>
* [https://uniglobalunion.org/ '''UNI Global Union''' at uniglobalunion.org] is based in [[w:Nyon]], [[w:Switzerland]] and deals mainly with labor issues to do with AI and robotics.<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/> [https://www.linkedin.com/company/uni-global-union/ UNI Global Union on LinkedIn.com]
* [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/IST-2000-26048 '''European Robotics Research Network''' at cordis.europa.eu] funded by the [[w:European Commission]].<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>
* [https://www.eu-robotics.net/ '''European Robotics Platform''' at eu-robotics.net] is funded by the [[w:European Commission]]. See [[w:European Robotics Platform]] and [[w:List of European Union robotics projects#EUROP]] for more info.<ref group="1st seen in" name="EU-Parl-Ethical-AI-Study-2020"/>
 
=== Events against synthetic human-like fakes ===
 
* ''' UPCOMING 2022''' | '''[[w:European Conference on Computer Vision]]''' in Tel Aviv, Israel
 
* ''' UPCOMING 2021 ''' | '''[[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]]''' [https://neurips.cc/ '''NeurIPS 2021''' at neurips.cc], virtual in December 2021.
 
* '''2020 - ONGOING''' | '''[[w:National Institute of Standards and Technology]]''' ('''NIST''') ([https://www.nist.gov/ nist.gov]) ([https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us contacting NIST]) | Open Media Forensics Challenge presented in [https://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/mig/open-media-forensics-challenge '''Open Media Forensics Challenge''' at nist.gov] and [https://mfc.nist.gov/ '''Open Media Forensics Challenge''' ('''OpenMFC''') at mfc.nist.gov]<ref group="contact">
 
Email:
* mfc_poc@nist.gov
 
</ref> - ''Open Media Forensics Challenge Evaluation (OpenMFC) is an open evaluation series organized by the NIST to assess and measure the capability of media forensic algorithms and systems.''<ref>https://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/mig/open-media-forensics-challenge</ref>
 
* '''2021''' | '''[[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition]] (CVPR)''' 2021 |  [https://sites.google.com/view/mediaforensics2021 2021 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition:  ''''Workshop on Media Forensics'''' at sites.google.com], a '''June 2021''' workshop at the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
 
* '''2020''' | [http://cvpr2020.thecvf.com/  '''CVPR''' 2020] |  [https://sites.google.com/view/wmediaforensics2020/home 2020 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition:  ''''Workshop on Media Forensics'''' at sites.google.com], a '''June 2020''' workshop at the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
 
* '''2020''' | The winners of the [https://venturebeat.com/2020/06/12/facebook-detection-challenge-winners-spot-deepfakes-with-82-accuracy/ Deepfake Detection Challenge reach 82% accuracy in detecting synthetic human-like fakes]<ref name="VentureBeat2020">https://venturebeat.com/2020/06/12/facebook-detection-challenge-winners-spot-deepfakes-with-82-accuracy/</ref>
 
* '''2019''' | At the annual Finnish [[w:Ministry of Defence (Finland)|w:Ministry of Defence]]'s  '''Scientific Advisory Board for Defence''' ('''MATINE''') public research seminar, a research group presented their work [https://www.defmin.fi/files/4755/1315MATINE_seminaari_21.11.pdf ''''''Synteettisen median tunnistus''''''' at defmin.fi] (Recognizing synthetic media). They developed on earlier work on how to automatically detect synthetic human-like fakes and their work was funded with a grant from MATINE.
 
* '''2019''' | '''[[w:NeurIPS]] 2019''' | [[w:Facebook, Inc.]] [https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/artificial-intelligence/machine-learning/facebook-ai-launches-its-deepfake-detection-challenge '''"Facebook AI Launches Its Deepfake Detection Challenge"''' at spectrum.ieee.org] [[w:IEEE Spectrum]]. More reporting at [https://venturebeat.com/2019/12/11/facebook-microsoft-and-others-launch-deepfake-detection-challenge/ '''''"Facebook, Microsoft, and others launch Deepfake Detection Challenge"''''' at venturebeat.com]
 
* '''2019''' | '''[https://cvpr2019.thecvf.com/ CVPR 2019]''' | [https://sites.google.com/view/mediaforensics2019/home '''2019''' CVPR: ''''Workshop on Media Forensics'''']
 
* '''2017'''-'''2020''' | '''NIST'''  | [https://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/mig/media-forensics-challenge NIST: 'Media Forensics Challenge'''' ('''MFC''') at nist.gov], an iterative research challenge by the [[w:National Institute of Standards and Technology]] [https://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/mig/media-forensics-challenge-2019-0 the evaluation criteria for the 2019 iteration are being formed]. Succeeded by the '''Open Media Forensics Challenge'''.
 
* '''2018''' | '''[[w:European Conference on Computer Vision|w:European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)]]''' [https://sites.google.com/view/wocm2018/home ECCV 2018: ''''Workshop on Objectionable Content and Misinformation'''' at sites.google.com], a workshop at the '''2018''' [[w:European Conference on Computer Vision]] in [[w:Munich]] had focus on objectionable content detection e.g. [[w:nudity]], [[w:pornography]], [[w:violence]], [[w:hate]], [[w:Child sexual abuse|w:children exploitation]] and [[w:terrorism]] among others and to address misinformation problems when people are fed [[w:disinformation]] and they punt it on as misinformation. Announced topics included [[w:Outline of forensic science|w:image/video forensics]], [[w:detection]]/[[w:analysis]]/[[w:understanding]] of [[w:Counterfeit|w:fake]] images/videos, [[w:misinformation]] detection/understanding: mono-modal and [[w:Multimodality|w:multi-modal]], adversarial technologies and detection/understanding of objectionable content
 
* '''2018''' | '''NIST''' [https://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/mig/media-forensics-challenge-2018 NIST ''''Media Forensics Challenge 2018'''' at nist.gov] was the second annual evaluation to support research and help advance the state of the art for image and video forensics technologies – technologies that determine the region and type of manipulations in imagery (image/video data) and the phylogenic process that modified the imagery.
 
* '''2017''' | '''NIST'''  [https://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/mig/nimble-challenge-2017-evaluation NIST ''''Nimble Challenge 2017'''' at nist.gov]
 
* '''2016''' | '''Nimble Challenge 2016''' - NIST released the Nimble Challenge’16 (NC2016) dataset as the MFC program kickoff dataset, (where NC is the former name of MFC). <ref>https://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/mig/open-media-forensics-challenge</ref>
 
=== Studies against synthetic human-like fakes ===
 
* [https://www.cbinsights.com/research/future-of-information-warfare/ ''''Disinformation That Kills: The Expanding Battlefield Of Digital Warfare'''' at cbinsights.com], a '''2020'''-10-21 research brief on disinformation warfare by [[w:CB Insights]], a private company that provides [[w:market intelligence]] and [[w:business analytics]] services
 
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.06564 ''''Media Forensics and DeepFakes: an overview'''' at arXiv.org] [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.06564.pdf (as .pdf at arXiv.org)], an overview on the subject of digital look-alikes and media forensics published in August '''2020''' in [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?isnumber=9177372 Volume 14 Issue 5 of IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing]. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9115874 ''''Media Forensics and DeepFakes: An Overview'''' at ieeexplore.ieee.org] (paywalled, free abstract)
 
* [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1333&context=dltr ''''DEEPFAKES: False pornography is here and the law cannot protect you'''' at scholarship.law.duke.edu] by Douglas Harris, published in [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dltr/vol17/iss1/ Duke Law & Technology Review - Volume 17 on '''2019'''-01-05] by [[w:Duke University]] [[w:Duke University School of Law]]
 
''' Search for more '''
* [[w:Law review]]
** [[w:List of law reviews in the United States]]
 
=== Reporting against synthetic human-like fakes ===
* [https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/06/18/researchers-use-facial-quirks-to-unmask-deepfakes/ ''''''Researchers use facial quirks to unmask ‘deepfakes’'''''' at news.berkeley.edu] 2019-06-18 reporting by Kara Manke published in '' Politics & society, Research, Technology & engineering''-section in Berkley News of [[w:University of California, Berkeley|w:UC Berkeley]].
 
=== Companies against synthetic human-like fakes ===
See [[resources]] for more.
 
* '''[https://cyabra.com/ Cyabra.com]''' is an AI-based system that helps organizations be on the guard against disinformation attacks<ref group="1st seen in" name="ReutersDisinfomation2020">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-deepfake-activist/deepfake-used-to-attack-activist-couple-shows-new-disinformation-frontier-idUSKCN24G15E</ref>. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-deepfake-activist/deepfake-used-to-attack-activist-couple-shows-new-disinformation-frontier-idUSKCN24G15E Reuters.com reporting] from July 2020.
 
<section end=APW_AI-transclusion />
 
=== SSF! wiki proposed countermeasure to weaponized synthetic pornography: Outlaw unauthorized synthetic pornography (transcluded) ===
Transcluded from [[Current and possible laws and their application#Law proposal to ban visual synthetic filth|Juho's proposal for banning unauthorized synthetic pornography]]
 
{{#section-h:Current and possible laws and their application|Law proposal to ban visual synthetic filth}}
 
=== SSF! wiki proposed countermeasure to weaponized synthetic porn pornography: Adequate Porn Watcher AI (concept) (transcluded) ===
Transcluded main contents from [[Adequate Porn Watcher AI (concept)]]
 
{{#lstx:Adequate Porn Watcher AI (concept)|See_also}}
 
=== SSF! wiki proposed countermeasure to digital sound-alikes: Outlawing digital sound-alikes (transcluded) ===
Transcluded from [[Current and possible laws and their application#Law proposal to ban unauthorized modeling of human voice|Juho's proposal on banning digital sound-alikes]]
 
{{#section-h:Current and possible laws and their application|Law proposal to ban unauthorized modeling of human voice}}
 
== Timeline  of synthetic human-like fakes ==
See the #SSFWIKI '''[[Mediatheque]]''' for viewing media that is or is probably to do with synthetic human-like fakes.
 
=== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes ===


* '''2021''' | Entertainment | The Swedish pop band [[w:ABBA]] published an album in September and will be performing shows where the music is live and real, but the visuals will be [[#Age analysis and rejuvenating and aging syntheses|rejuvenated]] [[#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alikes]] of the band members displayed to the fans with [[w:holography]] technology. ABBA used [[w:Industrial Light & Magic]] as the purveyor of technology. [[w:Industrial Light & Magic]] was acquired by [[w:The Walt Disney Company]] in 2012 as part of their acquisition [[w:Lucasfilm]].
* '''2021''' | Entertainment | The Swedish pop band [[w:ABBA]] published an album in September and will be performing shows where the music is live and real, but the visuals will be [[#Age analysis and rejuvenating and aging syntheses|rejuvenated]] [[#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alikes]] of the band members displayed to the fans with [[w:holography]] technology. ABBA used [[w:Industrial Light & Magic]] as the purveyor of technology. [[w:Industrial Light & Magic]] was acquired by [[w:The Walt Disney Company]] in 2012 as part of their acquisition [[w:Lucasfilm]].
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|last=Rosner
|last=Rosner
|first=Helen
|first=Helen
|author-link=Helen Rosner
|author-link=[[w:Helen Rosner]]
|date=2021-07-15
|date=2021-07-15
|title=A Haunting New Documentary About Anthony Bourdain
|title=A Haunting New Documentary About Anthony Bourdain
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* '''2021''' | Science | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.05630.pdf '''''Voice Cloning: a Multi-Speaker Text-to-Speech Synthesis Approach based on Transfer Learning''''' .pdf at arxiv.org], a paper submitted in Feb 2021 by researchers from the [[w:University of Turin]].<ref group="1st seen in" name="ConnectedPapers suggestion on Google Transfer learning 2018" />
* '''2021''' | Science | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.05630.pdf '''''Voice Cloning: a Multi-Speaker Text-to-Speech Synthesis Approach based on Transfer Learning''''' .pdf at arxiv.org], a paper submitted in Feb 2021 by researchers from the [[w:University of Turin]].<ref group="1st seen in" name="ConnectedPapers suggestion on Google Transfer learning 2018" />


* '''<font color="green">2020</font>''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | On 2020-11-18 the [[w:Partnership on AI]] introduced the [https://incidentdatabase.ai/ ''''''AI Incident Database'''''' at incidentdatabase.ai].<ref name="PartnershipOnAI2020">https://www.partnershiponai.org/aiincidentdatabase/</ref>
* '''2021''' | '''<font color="red">crime / fraud</font>''' | {{#lst:Synthetic human-like fakes|2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud}}
 
* '''2021''' | science and demonstration | '''DALL-E''', a [[w:deep learning]] model developed by [[w:OpenAI]] to generate digital images from [[w:natural language]] descriptions, called "prompts" was published in January 2021. DALL-E uses a version of [[w:GPT-3]] modified to generate images. (Adapted from [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&oldid=1151136107 Wikipedia])
 
* '''<font color="green">2020</font>''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | The [https://incidentdatabase.ai/ ''''''AI Incident Database'''''' at incidentdatabase.ai] was introduced on 2020-11-18 by the [[w:Partnership on AI]].<ref name="PartnershipOnAI2020">https://www.partnershiponai.org/aiincidentdatabase/</ref>
 
[[File:Appearance of Queen Elizabeth II stolen by Channel 4 in Dec 2020 (screenshot at 191s).png|thumb|right|480px|In Dec 2020 Channel 4 aired a Queen-like fake i.e. they had thieved the appearance of Queen Elizabeth II using deepfake methods.]]
 
* '''2020''' | '''Controversy''' / '''Public service announcement''' | Channel 4 thieved the appearance of Queen Elizabeth II using deepfake methods. The product of synthetic human-like fakery originally aired on Channel 4 on 25 December at 15:25 GMT.<ref name="Queen-like deepfake 2020 BBC  reporting">https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55424730</ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvY-Abd2FfM&t=3s View in YouTube]


* '''2020''' | reporting | [https://www.wired.co.uk/article/deepfake-porn-websites-videos-law "''Deepfake porn is now mainstream. And major sites are cashing in''" at wired.co.uk] by Matt Burgess. Published August 2020.
* '''2020''' | reporting | [https://www.wired.co.uk/article/deepfake-porn-websites-videos-law "''Deepfake porn is now mainstream. And major sites are cashing in''" at wired.co.uk] by Matt Burgess. Published August 2020.
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** [https://www.cnet.com/news/mit-releases-deepfake-video-of-nixon-announcing-nasa-apollo-11-disaster/ Cnet.com July 2020 reporting ''MIT releases deepfake video of 'Nixon' announcing NASA Apollo 11 disaster'']
** [https://www.cnet.com/news/mit-releases-deepfake-video-of-nixon-announcing-nasa-apollo-11-disaster/ Cnet.com July 2020 reporting ''MIT releases deepfake video of 'Nixon' announcing NASA Apollo 11 disaster'']


* '''2020''' | US state law | {{#lst:Current and possible laws and their application|California2020}}
* '''2020''' | US state law | {{#lst:Laws against synthesis and other related crimes|California2020}}
* '''2020''' | Chinese legislation |  {{#lst:Current and possible laws and their application|China2020}}
* '''2020''' | Chinese legislation |  {{#lst:Laws against synthesis and other related crimes|China2020}}
 
=== 2010's synthetic human-like fakes ===


== 2010's synthetic human-like fakes ==
* '''2019''' | science and demonstration | At the December 2019 NeurIPS conference, a novel method for making animated fakes of anything with AI [https://aliaksandrsiarohin.github.io/first-order-model-website/ '''''First Order Motion Model for Image Animation''''' (website at aliaksandrsiarohin.github.io)], [https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2019/file/31c0b36aef265d9221af80872ceb62f9-Paper.pdf (paper)] [https://github.com/AliaksandrSiarohin/first-order-model (github)] was presented.<ref group="1st seen in">https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/28/1007746/ai-deepfakes-memes/</ref>
** Reporting [https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/28/1007746/ai-deepfakes-memes/ '''''Memers are making deepfakes, and things are getting weird''''' at technologyreview.com], 2020-08-28 by Karen Hao.
* '''2019''' | demonstration | In September 2019 [[w:Yle]], the Finnish [[w:public broadcasting company]], aired a result of experimental [[w:journalism]], [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10955498 '''a deepfake of the President in office'''] [[w:Sauli Niinistö]] in its main news broadcast for the purpose of highlighting the advancing disinformation technology and problems that arise from it.
* '''2019''' | demonstration | In September 2019 [[w:Yle]], the Finnish [[w:public broadcasting company]], aired a result of experimental [[w:journalism]], [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10955498 '''a deepfake of the President in office'''] [[w:Sauli Niinistö]] in its main news broadcast for the purpose of highlighting the advancing disinformation technology and problems that arise from it.
 
* '''2019''' | US state law | {{#lst:Laws against synthesis and other related crimes|Texas2019}}
* '''2019''' | US state law | {{#lst:Current and possible laws and their application|Texas2019}}
* '''2019''' | US state law | {{#lst:Laws against synthesis and other related crimes|Virginia2019}}
 
* '''2019''' | Science | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.10460.pdf '''''Sample Efficient Adaptive Text-to-Speech''''' .pdf at arxiv.org], a 2019 paper from Google researchers, published as a conference paper at [[w:International Conference on Learning Representations]] (ICLR)<ref group="1st seen in" name="ConnectedPapers suggestion on Google Transfer learning 2018"> https://www.connectedpapers.com/main/8fc09dfcff78ac9057ff0834a83d23eb38ca198a/Transfer-Learning-from-Speaker-Verification-to-Multispeaker-TextToSpeech-Synthesis/graph</ref>
* '''2019''' | US state law | {{#lst:Current and possible laws and their application|Virginia2019}}
 
* 2019 | Science | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.10460.pdf '''''Sample Efficient Adaptive Text-to-Speech''''' .pdf at arxiv.org], a 2019 paper from Google researchers, published as a conference paper at [[w:International Conference on Learning Representations]] (ICLR)<ref group="1st seen in" name="ConnectedPapers suggestion on Google Transfer learning 2018"> https://www.connectedpapers.com/main/8fc09dfcff78ac9057ff0834a83d23eb38ca198a/Transfer-Learning-from-Speaker-Verification-to-Multispeaker-TextToSpeech-Synthesis/graph</ref>


* '''2019''' | science and demonstration | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.09773.pdf ''''Speech2Face: Learning the Face Behind a Voice'''' at arXiv.org] a system for generating likely facial features based on the voice of a person, presented by the [[w:MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] at the 2019 [[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition|w:CVPR]]. [https://github.com/saiteja-talluri/Speech2Face Speech2Face at github.com] This may develop to something that really causes problems. [https://neurohive.io/en/news/speech2face-neural-network-predicts-the-face-behind-a-voice/ "Speech2Face: Neural Network Predicts the Face Behind a Voice" reporing at neurohive.io], [https://belitsoft.com/speech-recognition-software-development/speech2face "Speech2Face Sees Voices and Hears Faces: Dreams Come True with AI" reporting at belitsoft.com]
* '''2019''' | science and demonstration | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.09773.pdf ''''Speech2Face: Learning the Face Behind a Voice'''' at arXiv.org] a system for generating likely facial features based on the voice of a person, presented by the [[w:MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] at the 2019 [[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition|w:CVPR]]. [https://github.com/saiteja-talluri/Speech2Face Speech2Face at github.com] This may develop to something that really causes problems. [https://neurohive.io/en/news/speech2face-neural-network-predicts-the-face-behind-a-voice/ "Speech2Face: Neural Network Predicts the Face Behind a Voice" reporing at neurohive.io], [https://belitsoft.com/speech-recognition-software-development/speech2face "Speech2Face Sees Voices and Hears Faces: Dreams Come True with AI" reporting at belitsoft.com]
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* '''<font color="red">2018</font>''' | <font color="red">science</font> and <font color="red">demonstration</font> | The work [http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7700-transfer-learning-from-speaker-verification-to-multispeaker-text-to-speech-synthesis ''''Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis''''] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04558 at arXiv.org]) was presented at the 2018 [[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]] ('''NeurIPS'''). The pre-trained model is able to steal voices from a sample of only '''5 seconds''' with almost convincing results.
* '''<font color="red">2018</font>''' | <font color="red">science</font> and <font color="red">demonstration</font> | The work [http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7700-transfer-learning-from-speaker-verification-to-multispeaker-text-to-speech-synthesis ''''Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis''''] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04558 at arXiv.org]) was presented at the 2018 [[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]] ('''NeurIPS'''). The pre-trained model is able to steal voices from a sample of only '''5 seconds''' with almost convincing results.
* '''2018''' | science | [https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10196 '''Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variation''' at arxiv.org] ([https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.10196.pdf .pdf]), colloquially known as ProGANs were presented by Nvidia researchers at the [https://iclr.cc/Conferences/2018 2018 ICLR]. [[w:International Conference on Learning Representations]]


* '''2018''' | demonstration | At the 2018 [[w:World Internet Conference]] in [[w:Wuzhen]] the [[w:Xinhua News Agency]] presented two digital look-alikes made to the resemblance of its real news anchors Qiu Hao ([[w:Chinese language]])<ref name="TheGuardian2018">
* '''2018''' | demonstration | At the 2018 [[w:World Internet Conference]] in [[w:Wuzhen]] the [[w:Xinhua News Agency]] presented two digital look-alikes made to the resemblance of its real news anchors Qiu Hao ([[w:Chinese language]])<ref name="TheGuardian2018">
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* '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''.  A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>
* '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''.  A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>


=== 2000's synthetic human-like fakes ===
* '''2011''' | <font color="green">'''Law in Finland'''</font> | Distribution and attempt of distribution and also possession of '''synthetic [[w:Child sexual abuse material|CSAM]]''' was '''criminalized''' on Wednesday 2011-06-01, upon the initiative of the [[w:Vanhanen II Cabinet]]. These protections against CSAM were moved into 19 §, 20 § and 21 § of Chapter 20 when the [[Law on sexual offences in Finland 2023]] was improved and gathered into Chapter 20 upon the initiative of the [[w:Marin Cabinet]].
 
== 2000's synthetic human-like fakes ==


* '''2010''' | movie | [[w:Walt Disney Pictures]] released a sci-fi sequel entitled ''[[w:Tron: Legacy]]'' with a digitally rejuvenated digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Jeff Bridges]] playing the [[w:antagonist]] [[w:List of Tron characters#CLU|w:CLU]].
* '''2010''' | movie | [[w:Walt Disney Pictures]] released a sci-fi sequel entitled ''[[w:Tron: Legacy]]'' with a digitally rejuvenated digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Jeff Bridges]] playing the [[w:antagonist]] [[w:List of Tron characters#CLU|w:CLU]].
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* '''2002''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qIXIHAmcKU 'Bullet' by Covenant on Youtube]''' by [[w:Covenant (band)]] from their album [[w:Northern Light (Covenant album)]]. Relevancy: Contains the best upper-torso digital look-alike of Eskil Simonsson (vocalist) that their organization could procure at the time. Here you can observe the '''classic "''skin looks like cardboard''"-bug''' (assuming this was not intended) that '''thwarted efforts to''' make digital look-alikes that '''pass human testing''' before the '''reflectance capture and dissection in 1999''' by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and subsequent development of the '''"Analytical [[w:bidirectional reflectance distribution function|w:BRDF]]"''' (quote-unquote) by ESC Entertainment, a company set up for the '''sole purpose''' of '''making the cinematography''' for the 2003 films Matrix Reloaded and Matrix Revolutions '''possible''', lead by George Borshukov.
* '''2002''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qIXIHAmcKU 'Bullet' by Covenant on Youtube]''' by [[w:Covenant (band)]] from their album [[w:Northern Light (Covenant album)]]. Relevancy: Contains the best upper-torso digital look-alike of Eskil Simonsson (vocalist) that their organization could procure at the time. Here you can observe the '''classic "''skin looks like cardboard''"-bug''' (assuming this was not intended) that '''thwarted efforts to''' make digital look-alikes that '''pass human testing''' before the '''reflectance capture and dissection in 1999''' by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and subsequent development of the '''"Analytical [[w:bidirectional reflectance distribution function|w:BRDF]]"''' (quote-unquote) by ESC Entertainment, a company set up for the '''sole purpose''' of '''making the cinematography''' for the 2003 films Matrix Reloaded and Matrix Revolutions '''possible''', lead by George Borshukov.


=== 1990's synthetic human-like fakes ===
== 1990's synthetic human-like fakes ==


[[File:Institute for Creative Technologies (logo).jpg|thumb|left|156px|Logo of the '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' founded in 1999 in the [[w:University of Southern California]] by the [[w:United States Army]]]]
[[File:Institute for Creative Technologies (logo).jpg|thumb|left|156px|Logo of the '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' founded in 1999 in the [[w:University of Southern California]] by the [[w:United States Army]]]]
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* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref>. In 2016 [[w:Hao Li]] was appointed to direct the institute.  
* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref>. In 2016 [[w:Hao Li]] was appointed to direct the institute.  
* '''1997''' | '''technology / science''' | [https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/human/bregler-sig97.pdf ''''Video rewrite: Driving visual speech with audio'''' at www2.eecs.berkeley.edu]<ref name="Bregler1997" /><ref group="1st seen in" name="Bohacek-Farid-2022">
PROTECTING PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY AGAINST DEEP FAKES https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.12043.pdf
</ref> Christoph Breigler, Michelle Covell and Malcom Slaney presented their work at the ACM SIGGRAPH 1997. [https://www.dropbox.com/sh/s4l00z7z4gn7bvo/AAAP5oekFqoelnfZYjS8NQyca?dl=0 Download video evidence of ''Video rewrite: Driving visual speech with audio'' Bregler et al 1997 from dropbox.com], [http://chris.bregler.com/videorewrite/ view author's site at chris.bregler.com], [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/258734.258880 paper at dl.acm.org] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220720338_Video_Rewrite_Driving_Visual_Speech_with_Audio paper at researchgate.net]


* '''1994''' | movie | [[w:The Crow (1994 film)]] was the first film production to make use of [[w:digital compositing]] of a computer simulated representation of a face onto scenes filmed using a [[w:body double]]. Necessity was the muse as the actor [[w:Brandon Lee]] portraying the protagonist was tragically killed accidentally on-stage.
* '''1994''' | movie | [[w:The Crow (1994 film)]] was the first film production to make use of [[w:digital compositing]] of a computer simulated representation of a face onto scenes filmed using a [[w:body double]]. Necessity was the muse as the actor [[w:Brandon Lee]] portraying the protagonist was tragically killed accidentally on-stage.


=== 1970's synthetic human-like fakes ===
== 1970's synthetic human-like fakes ==


{{#ev:vimeo|16292363|480px|right|''[[w:A Computer Animated Hand|w:A Computer Animated Hand]]'' is a 1972 short film by [[w:Edwin Catmull]] and [[w:Fred Parke]]. This was the first time that [[w:computer-generated imagery]] was used in film to animate likenesses of moving human appearance.}}
{{#ev:vimeo|16292363|480px|right|''[[w:A Computer Animated Hand|w:A Computer Animated Hand]]'' is a 1972 short film by [[w:Edwin Catmull]] and [[w:Fred Parke]]. This was the first time that [[w:computer-generated imagery]] was used in film to animate likenesses of moving human appearance.}}
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* '''1971''' | science | '''[https://interstices.info/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud/ 'Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l’ombrage de Gouraud' (still photos)]'''. [[w:Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)]] made the first [[w:Computer graphics]] [[w:geometry]] [[w:digitization]] and representation of a human face. Modeling was his wife Sylvie Gouraud. The 3D model was a simple [[w:wire-frame model]] and he applied [[w:Gouraud shading]] to produce the '''first known representation''' of '''human-likeness''' on computer. <ref>{{cite web|title=Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l'ombrage de Gouraud|url=http://interstices.info/jcms/c_25256/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud}}</ref>
* '''1971''' | science | '''[https://interstices.info/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud/ 'Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l’ombrage de Gouraud' (still photos)]'''. [[w:Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)]] made the first [[w:Computer graphics]] [[w:geometry]] [[w:digitization]] and representation of a human face. Modeling was his wife Sylvie Gouraud. The 3D model was a simple [[w:wire-frame model]] and he applied [[w:Gouraud shading]] to produce the '''first known representation''' of '''human-likeness''' on computer. <ref>{{cite web|title=Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l'ombrage de Gouraud|url=http://interstices.info/jcms/c_25256/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud}}</ref>


=== 1960's synthetic human-like fakes ===
== 1960's synthetic human-like fakes ==


* '''1961''' | demonstration | The first singing by a computer was performed by an [[w:IBM 704]] and the song was [[w:Daisy Bell]], written in 1892 by British songwriter [[w:Harry Dacre]]. Go to [[Mediatheque#1961]] to view.
* '''1961''' | demonstration | The first singing by a computer was performed by an [[w:IBM 704]] and the song was [[w:Daisy Bell]], written in 1892 by British songwriter [[w:Harry Dacre]]. Go to [[Mediatheque#1961]] to view.


=== 1930's synthetic human-like fakes ===
== 1930's synthetic human-like fakes ==
[[File:Homer Dudley (October 1940). "The Carrier Nature of Speech". Bell System Technical Journal, XIX(4);495-515. -- Fig.5 The voder being demonstrated at the New York World's Fair.jpg|thumb|left|300px|'''[[w:Voder]]''' demonstration pavillion at the [[w:1939 New York World's Fair]]]]  
[[File:Homer Dudley (October 1940). "The Carrier Nature of Speech". Bell System Technical Journal, XIX(4);495-515. -- Fig.5 The voder being demonstrated at the New York World's Fair.jpg|thumb|left|300px|'''[[w:Voder]]''' demonstration pavillion at the [[w:1939 New York World's Fair]]]]  


* '''1939''' | demonstration | '''[[w:Voder]]''' (''Voice Operating Demonstrator'') from the [[w:Bell Labs|w:Bell Telephone Laboratory]] was the first time that [[w:speech synthesis]] was done electronically by breaking it down into its acoustic components. It was invented by [[w:Homer Dudley]] in 1937–1938 and developed on his earlier work on the [[w:vocoder]]. (Wikipedia)
* '''1939''' | demonstration | '''[[w:Voder]]''' (''Voice Operating Demonstrator'') from the [[w:Bell Labs|w:Bell Telephone Laboratory]] was the first time that [[w:speech synthesis]] was done electronically by breaking it down into its acoustic components. It was invented by [[w:Homer Dudley]] in 1937–1938 and developed on his earlier work on the [[w:vocoder]]. (Wikipedia)


=== 1770's synthetic human-like fakes ===
== 1770's synthetic human-like fakes ==


[[File:Kempelen Speakingmachine.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A replica of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen]]'s [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine]], built 2007–09 at the Department of [[w:Phonetics]], [[w:Saarland University]], [[w:Saarbrücken]], Germany. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel]]s]]
[[File:Kempelen Speakingmachine.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A replica of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen]]'s [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine]], built 2007–09 at the Department of [[w:Phonetics]], [[w:Saarland University]], [[w:Saarbrücken]], Germany. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel]]s]]
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== Footnotes ==
= Footnotes =
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<references group="footnote" />  


== 1st seen in ==
== Contact information of organizations ==
Please contact [[Organizations, studies and events against synthetic human-like fakes|these organizations]] and tell them to work harder against the disinformation weapons
 
= 1st seen in =
<references group="1st seen in" />
<references group="1st seen in" />


== Contact information of organizations ==
<references group="contact" />


== References ==
= References =
<references />
<references />
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