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== Timeline  of synthetic human-like fakes ==
== Timeline  of synthetic human-like fakes ==


=== 1770's synthetic human-like fakes ===
=== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes ===


[[File:Kempelen Speakingmachine.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A replica of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen|Kempelen]]'s [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine|speaking machine]], built 2007–09 at the Department of [[w:Phonetics|Phonetics]], [[w:Saarland University|Saarland University]], [[w:Saarbrücken|Saarbrücken]], Germany. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant|consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel|vowel]]s]]
[[File:Marc Berman.jpg|thumb|120px|left|Homie [[w:Marc Berman|Marc Berman]], a righteous fighter for our human rights in this age of industrial disinformation filth and a member of the [[w:California State Assembly]], most loved for authoring [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB602 AB-602], which came into effect on Jan 1 2020, banning both the manufacturing and [[w:Digital distribution|distribution]] of synthetic pornography without the [[w:consent]] of the people depicted.]]


* '''1791''' | science | '''[[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine]]''' of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen]] of [[w:Pressburg]], [[w:Hungary]], described in a 1791 paper was [[w:bellows]]-operated.<ref>''Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine'' ("Mechanism of the human speech with description of its speaking machine", J. B. Degen, Wien).</ref> This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel]]s. (based on [[w:Speech synthesis#History]])
{{#ev:youtube|LWLadJFI8Pk|640px|right|''In Event of Moon Disaster - FULL FILM'' (2020) by the [https://moondisaster.org/ moondisaster.org] project by the [https://virtuality.mit.edu/ Center for Advanced Virtuality] of the [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]}}


* '''1779''' | science / discovery | [[w:Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein]] won the first prize in a competition announced by the [[w:Russian Academy of Sciences]] for '''models''' he built of the '''human [[w:vocal tract]]''' that could produce the five long '''[[w:vowel]]''' sounds.<ref name="Helsinki">
* '''2020''' | demonstration | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWLadJFI8Pk ''In Event of Moon Disaster - FULL FILM'' at youtube.com] by the [https://moondisaster.org/ moondisaster.org] project by the [https://virtuality.mit.edu/ Center for Advanced Virtuality] of the [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] makes a synthetic human-like fake in the appearance and almost in the sound of Nixon.  
[http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/publications/files/theses/lemmetty_mst/chap2.html History and Development of Speech Synthesis], Helsinki University of Technology, Retrieved on November 4, 2006
** [https://www.cnet.com/news/mit-releases-deepfake-video-of-nixon-announcing-nasa-apollo-11-disaster/ Cnet.com July 2020 reporting ''MIT releases deepfake video of 'Nixon' announcing NASA Apollo 11 disaster'']
</ref> (Based on [[w:Speech synthesis#History]])


=== 1970's synthetic human-like fakes ===
* '''2020''' | US state law | January 1 <ref name="KFI2019">


* '''1976''' | movie | ''[[w:Futureworld]]'' reused parts of ''A Computer Animated Hand'' on the big screen.
{{cite web
|url= https://kfiam640.iheart.com/content/2019-12-30-here-are-the-new-california-laws-going-into-effect-in-2020/
|title= Here Are the New California Laws Going Into Effect in 2020
|last= Johnson
|first= R.J.
|date= 2019-12-30
|website= [[KFI]]
|publisher= [[iHeartMedia]]
|access-date= 2020-07-13
|quote=}}


* '''1972''' | entertainment | '''[https://vimeo.com/59434349 'A Computer Animated Hand' on Vimeo]'''. [[w:A Computer Animated Hand]] by [[w:Edwin Catmull]] and [[w:Fred Parke]]. Relevancy: This was the '''first time''' that [[w:computer-generated imagery|computer-generated imagery]] was used in film to '''animate''' moving '''human-like appearance'''.
</ref> the [[w:California]] [[w:State law (United States)|state law]] [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB602 AB-602] came into effect banning the manufacturing and [[w:Digital distribution|distribution]] of synthetic pornography without the [[w:consent]] of the people depicted. AB-602 provides victims of synthetic pornography with [[w:injunction|injunctive relief]] and poses legal threats of [[w:statutory damages|statutory]] and [[w:punitive damages]] on [[w:criminal]]s making or distributing synthetic pornography without consent. The bill AB-602 was signed into law by California [[w:Governor (United States)|Governor]] [[w:Gavin Newsom]] on October 3 2019 and was authored by [[w:California State Assembly]] member [[w:Marc Berman]].<ref name="CNET2019">


* '''1971''' | science | '''[https://interstices.info/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud/ 'Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l’ombrage de Gouraud' (still photos)]'''. [[w:Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)]] made the first [[w:Computer graphics]] [[w:geometry]] [[w:digitization]] and representation of a human face. Modeling was his wife Sylvie Gouraud. The 3D model was a simple [[w:wire-frame model]] and he applied [[w:Gouraud shading]] to produce the '''first known representation''' of '''human-likeness''' on computer. <ref>{{cite web|title=Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l'ombrage de Gouraud|url=http://interstices.info/jcms/c_25256/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud}}</ref>
{{cite web
| last = Mihalcik
| first = Carrie
| title = California laws seek to crack down on deepfakes in politics and porn
| website = [[w:cnet.com]]
| publisher = [[w:CNET]]
| date = 2019-10-04
| url = https://www.cnet.com/news/california-laws-seek-to-crack-down-on-deepfakes-in-politics-and-porn/
| access-date = 2020-07-13
}}


=== 1990's synthetic human-like fakes ===
</ref>
[[File:BSSDF01_400.svg|thumb|left|300px|Traditional [[w:Bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]] vs. [[w:subsurface scattering|subsurface scattering]] inclusive BSSRDF i.e. [[w:Bidirectional scattering distribution function#Overview of the BxDF functions|Bidirectional scattering-surface reflectance distribution function]]. <br/><br/>
* '''2020''' | Chinese legislation | On January 1 Chinese law requiring that synthetically faked footage should bear a clear notice about its fakeness came into effect. Failure to comply could be considered a [[w:crime]] the [[w:Cyberspace Administration of China]] stated on its website. China announced this new law in November 2019.<ref name="Reuters2019">


An analytical BRDF must take into account the subsurface scattering, or the end result '''will not pass human testing'''.]]
{{cite web
| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-technology/china-seeks-to-root-out-fake-news-and-deepfakes-with-new-online-content-rules-idUSKBN1Y30VU
| title = China seeks to root out fake news and deepfakes with new online content rules
| last =
| first =
| date = 2019-11-29
| website = [[w:Reuters.com]]
| publisher = [[w:Reuters]]
| access-date = 2020-07-13
| quote = }}


* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''science'''</font> | '''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=344855 'Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face' paper at dl.acm.org ]''' [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. of [[w:University of Southern California|USC]] did the '''first known reflectance capture''' over '''the human face''' with their extremely simple [[w:light stage]]. They presented their method and results in [[w:SIGGRAPH]] 2000. The scientific breakthrough required finding the [[w:subsurface scattering|w:subsurface light component]] (the simulation models are glowing from within slightly) which can be found using knowledge that light that is reflected from the oil-to-air layer retains its [[w:Polarization (waves)]] and the subsurface light loses its polarization. So equipped only with a movable light source, movable video camera, 2 polarizers and a computer program doing extremely simple math and the last piece required to reach photorealism was acquired.<ref name="Deb2000"/>
</ref> The Chinese government seems to be reserving the right to prosecute both users and [[w:online video platform]]s failing to abide by the rules. <ref name="TheVerge2019">


* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]], [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref>
{{cite web
 
| url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/29/20988363/china-deepfakes-ban-internet-rules-fake-news-disclosure-virtual-reality
* '''1994''' | movie | [[w:The Crow (1994 film)|The Crow]] was the first film production to make use of [[w:digital compositing]] of a computer simulated representation of a face onto scenes filmed using a [[w:body double]]. Necessity was the muse as the actor [[w:Brandon Lee]] portraying the protagonist was tragically killed accidentally on-stage.
| title = China makes it a criminal offense to publish deepfakes or fake news without disclosure
 
| last = Statt
=== 2000's synthetic human-like fakes ===
| first = Nick
 
| date = 2019-11-29
[[File:The-matrix-logo.svg|thumb|right|300px|Logo of the [[w:The Matrix (franchise)]]]]
| website =
 
| publisher = [[w:The Verge]]
* '''2010''' | movie | [[w:Walt Disney Pictures]] released a sci-fi sequel entitled ''[[w:Tron: Legacy]]'' with a digitally rejuvenated digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Jeff Bridges]] playing the [[w:antagonist]] [[w:List of Tron characters#CLU|CLU]].
| access-date = 2020-07-13
 
| quote = }}
* '''2009''' | movie | A digital look-alike of a younger [[w:Arnold Schwarzenegger]] was made for the movie ''[[w:Terminator Salvation]]'' though the end result was critiqued as unconvincing. Facial geometry was acquired from a 1984 mold of Schwarzenegger.
 
* '''2009''' | demonstration | [http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_debevec_animates_a_photo_real_digital_face.html Paul Debevec: ''''Animating a photo-realistic face'''' at ted.com] Debevec et al. presented new digital likenesses, made by [[w:Image Metrics]], this time of actress [[w:Emily O'Brien]] whose reflectance was captured with the USC light stage 5. At 00:04:59 you can see two clips, one with the real Emily shot with a real camera and one with a digital look-alike of Emily, shot with a simulation of a camera - <u>Which is which is difficult to tell</u>. Bruce Lawmen was scanned using USC light stage 6 in still position and also recorded running there on a [[w:treadmill]]. Many, many digital look-alikes of Bruce are seen running fluently and natural looking at the ending sequence of the TED talk video. <ref name="Deb2009">[http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_debevec_animates_a_photo_real_digital_face.html In this TED talk video] at 00:04:59 you can see ''two clips, one with the real Emily shot with a real camera and one with a digital look-alike of Emily, shot with a simulation of a camera - <u>Which is which is difficult to tell</u>''. Bruce Lawmen was scanned using USC light stage 6 in still position and also recorded running there on a [[w:treadmill]]. Many, many digital look-alikes of Bruce are seen running fluently and natural looking at the ending sequence of the TED talk video.</ref> Motion looks fairly convincing contrasted to the clunky run in the [[w:Animatrix#Final Flight of the Osiris|''Animatrix: Final Flight of the Osiris'']] which was [[w:state-of-the-art]] in 2003 if photorealism was the intention of the [[w:animators]].


* '''2004''' | movie | The '''[[w:Spider-man 2]]''' (and '''[[w:Spider-man 3]]''', 2007) films. Relevancy: The films include a [[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alike|digital look-alike]] made of actor [[w:Tobey Maguire]] by [[w:Sony Pictures Imageworks]].<ref name="Pig2005">{{cite web
  | last = Pighin
  | first = Frédéric
  | author-link =
  | title = Siggraph 2005 Digital Face Cloning Course Notes
  | website =
  | date =
  | url = http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~lizhang/sig-course-05-face/COURSE_9_DigitalFaceCloning.pdf
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2020-06-26}}
</ref>
</ref>


* '''2003''' | short film | [[w:The Animatrix#Final Flight of the Osiris|''The Animatrix: Final Flight of the Osiris'']] a [[w:state-of-the-art]] want-to-be human likenesses not quite fooling the watcher made by [[w:Square Pictures#Square Pictures|Square Pictures]].
=== 2010's synthetic human-like fakes ===


* '''2003''' | movie(s) | The '''[[w:Matrix Reloaded]]''' and '''[[w:Matrix Revolutions]]''' films. Relevancy: '''First public display''' of '''[[synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alikes]]''' that are virtually '''indistinguishable from''' the '''real actors'''.
* '''2019''' | demonstration | In September 2019 [[w:Yle]], the Finnish [[w:public broadcasting company]], aired a result of experimental [[w:journalism]], [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10955498 a deepfake] of the President in office [[w:Sauli Niinistö]] in its main news broadcast for the purpose of highlighting the advancing disinformation technology and problems that arise from it.
 
* '''2002''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qIXIHAmcKU 'Bullet' by Covenant on Youtube]''' by [[w:Covenant (band)]] from their album [[w:Northern Light (Covenant album)]]. Relevancy: Contains the best upper-torso digital look-alike of Eskil Simonsson (vocalist) that their organization could procure at the time. Here you can observe the '''classic "''skin looks like cardboard''"-bug''' (assuming this was not intended) that '''thwarted efforts to''' make digital look-alikes that '''pass human testing''' before the '''reflectance capture and dissection in 1999''' by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and subsequent development of the '''"Analytical [[w:bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]]"''' (quote-unquote) by ESC Entertainment, a company set up for the '''sole purpose''' of '''making the cinematography''' for the 2003 films Matrix Reloaded and Matrix Revolutions '''possible''', lead by George Borshukov.


=== 2010's synthetic human-like fakes ===
* '''2019''' | US state law | Since September 1 [[w:Texas]] senate bill [https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/86R/billtext/html/SB00751F.htm SB 751] [[w:amendment]]s to the election code came into effect, giving [[w:candidates]] in [[w:elections]] a 30-day protection period to the elections during which making and distributing digital look-alikes or synthetic fakes of the candidates is an offense. The law text defines the subject of the law as "''a  video, created with the intent to deceive, that appears to depict a real person performing an action that did not occur in reality''"<ref name="TexasSB751">
* '''2019''' | US state law | Since September 1 [[w:Texas]] senate bill [https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/86R/billtext/html/SB00751F.htm SB 751] [[w:amendment]]s to the election code came into effect, giving [[w:candidates]] in [[w:elections]] a 30-day protection period to the elections during which making and distributing digital look-alikes or synthetic fakes of the candidates is an offense. The law text defines the subject of the law as "''a  video, created with the intent to deceive, that appears to depict a real person performing an action that did not occur in reality''"<ref name="TexasSB751">


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</ref>, as [https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-386.2/ § 18.2-386.2 titled 'Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty.'] became part of the [[w:Code of Virginia]]. The law text states: "''Any person who, with the [[w:Intention (criminal law)|intent]] to [[w:coercion|coerce]], [[w:harassment|harass]], or [[w:intimidation|intimidate]], [[w:Malice_(law)|malicious]]ly [[w:dissemination|disseminates]] or [[w:sales|sells]] any videographic or still image created by any means whatsoever that depicts another person who is totally [w:[nudity|nude]], or in a state of undress so as to expose the [[w:sex organs|genitals]], pubic area, [[w:buttocks]], or female [[w:breast]], where such person knows or has reason to know that he is not [[w:license]]d or [[w:authorization|authorized]] to disseminate or sell such videographic or still image is guilty of a Class 1 [[w:Misdemeanor#United States|misdemeanor]].''".<ref name="Virginia2019Chapter515"/> The identical bills were [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2678 House Bill 2678] presented by [[w:Delegate (American politics)|Delegate]] [[w:Marcus Simon]] to the [[w:Virginia House of Delegates]] on January 14 2019 and three day later an identical [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+SB1736 Senate bill 1736] was introduced to the [[w:Senate of Virginia]] by Senator [[w:Adam Ebbin]].  
</ref>, as [https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-386.2/ § 18.2-386.2 titled 'Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty.'] became part of the [[w:Code of Virginia]]. The law text states: "''Any person who, with the [[w:Intention (criminal law)|intent]] to [[w:coercion|coerce]], [[w:harassment|harass]], or [[w:intimidation|intimidate]], [[w:Malice_(law)|malicious]]ly [[w:dissemination|disseminates]] or [[w:sales|sells]] any videographic or still image created by any means whatsoever that depicts another person who is totally [w:[nudity|nude]], or in a state of undress so as to expose the [[w:sex organs|genitals]], pubic area, [[w:buttocks]], or female [[w:breast]], where such person knows or has reason to know that he is not [[w:license]]d or [[w:authorization|authorized]] to disseminate or sell such videographic or still image is guilty of a Class 1 [[w:Misdemeanor#United States|misdemeanor]].''".<ref name="Virginia2019Chapter515"/> The identical bills were [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2678 House Bill 2678] presented by [[w:Delegate (American politics)|Delegate]] [[w:Marcus Simon]] to the [[w:Virginia House of Delegates]] on January 14 2019 and three day later an identical [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+SB1736 Senate bill 1736] was introduced to the [[w:Senate of Virginia]] by Senator [[w:Adam Ebbin]].  
* '''2019''' | demonstration | In September 2019 [[w:Yle]], the Finnish [[w:public broadcasting company]], aired a result of experimental [[w:journalism]], [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10955498 a deepfake] of the President in office [[w:Sauli Niinistö]] in its main news broadcast for the purpose of highlighting the advancing disinformation technology and problems that arise from it.


* '''2019''' | science and demonstration | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.09773.pdf ''''Speech2Face: Learning the Face Behind a Voice'''' at arXiv.org] a system for generating likely facial features based on the voice of a person, presented by the [[w:MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] at the 2019 [[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition|CVPR]]. [https://github.com/saiteja-talluri/Speech2Face Speech2Face at github.com] This may develop to something that really causes problems. [https://neurohive.io/en/news/speech2face-neural-network-predicts-the-face-behind-a-voice/ "Speech2Face: Neural Network Predicts the Face Behind a Voice" reporing at neurohive.io], [https://belitsoft.com/speech-recognition-software-development/speech2face "Speech2Face Sees Voices and Hears Faces: Dreams Come True with AI" reporting at belitsoft.com]
* '''2019''' | science and demonstration | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.09773.pdf ''''Speech2Face: Learning the Face Behind a Voice'''' at arXiv.org] a system for generating likely facial features based on the voice of a person, presented by the [[w:MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] at the 2019 [[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition|CVPR]]. [https://github.com/saiteja-talluri/Speech2Face Speech2Face at github.com] This may develop to something that really causes problems. [https://neurohive.io/en/news/speech2face-neural-network-predicts-the-face-behind-a-voice/ "Speech2Face: Neural Network Predicts the Face Behind a Voice" reporing at neurohive.io], [https://belitsoft.com/speech-recognition-software-development/speech2face "Speech2Face Sees Voices and Hears Faces: Dreams Come True with AI" reporting at belitsoft.com]
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|website= [[Medium.com]]
|website= [[Medium.com]]
|access-date= 2020-07-13
|access-date= 2020-07-13
}}</ref>
}}


</ref>


* '''<font color="red">2018</font>''' | '''<font color="red">counter-measure</font>''' | In September 2018 Google added “'''involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery'''” to its '''ban list''', allowing anyone to request the search engine block results that falsely depict them as “nude or in a sexually explicit situation.”<ref name="WashingtonPost2018">
* '''<font color="red">2018</font>''' | '''<font color="red">counter-measure</font>''' | In September 2018 Google added “'''involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery'''” to its '''ban list''', allowing anyone to request the search engine block results that falsely depict them as “nude or in a sexually explicit situation.”<ref name="WashingtonPost2018">
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  | quote = }}
  | quote = }}
</ref> Neither the [[w:speech synthesis]] used nor the gesturing of the digital look-alike anchors were good enough to deceive the watcher to mistake them for real humans imaged with a TV camera.
</ref> Neither the [[w:speech synthesis]] used nor the gesturing of the digital look-alike anchors were good enough to deceive the watcher to mistake them for real humans imaged with a TV camera.


* '''2018''' | controversy / demonstration | The [[w:deepfake]]s controversy surfaces where [[w:Pornographic film|porn video]]s were doctored utilizing [[w:deep learning|deep machine learning]] so that the face of the actress was replaced by the software's opinion of what another persons face would look like in the same pose and lighting.
* '''2018''' | controversy / demonstration | The [[w:deepfake]]s controversy surfaces where [[w:Pornographic film|porn video]]s were doctored utilizing [[w:deep learning|deep machine learning]] so that the face of the actress was replaced by the software's opinion of what another persons face would look like in the same pose and lighting.
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* '''<font color="red">2016</font>''' | <font color="red">science</font> and demonstration | '''[[w:Adobe Inc.]]''' publicly demonstrates '''[[w:Adobe Voco]]''', a '''sound-like-anyone machine''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3l4XLZ59iw '#VoCo. Adobe Audio Manipulator Sneak Peak with Jordan Peele | Adobe Creative Cloud' on Youtube]. THe original Adobe Voco required '''20 minutes''' of sample '''to thieve a voice'''. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>.
* '''<font color="red">2016</font>''' | <font color="red">science</font> and demonstration | '''[[w:Adobe Inc.]]''' publicly demonstrates '''[[w:Adobe Voco]]''', a '''sound-like-anyone machine''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3l4XLZ59iw '#VoCo. Adobe Audio Manipulator Sneak Peak with Jordan Peele | Adobe Creative Cloud' on Youtube]. THe original Adobe Voco required '''20 minutes''' of sample '''to thieve a voice'''. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>.


* '''2016''' | science | '''[http://www.niessnerlab.org/projects/thies2016face.html 'Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos' at Niessnerlab.org]''' A paper (with videos) on the semi-real-time 2D video manipulation with gesture forcing and lip sync forcing synthesis by Thies et al, Stanford. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>
* '''2016''' | science | '''[http://www.niessnerlab.org/projects/thies2016face.html 'Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos' at Niessnerlab.org]''' A paper (with videos) on the semi-real-time 2D video manipulation with gesture forcing and lip sync forcing synthesis by Thies et al, Stanford. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>


* '''2015''' | movie | In the ''[[w:Furious 7]]'' a digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Paul Walker]] who died in an accident during the filming was done by [[w:Weta Digital]] to enable the completion of the film.<ref name="thr2015">
* '''2015''' | movie | In the ''[[w:Furious 7]]'' a digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Paul Walker]] who died in an accident during the filming was done by [[w:Weta Digital]] to enable the completion of the film.<ref name="thr2015">
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  | quote = }}
  | quote = }}
</ref>
</ref>


* '''2014''' | science | [[w:Ian Goodfellow]] et al. presented the principles of a [[w:generative adversarial network]].  GANs made the headlines in early 2018 with the [[w:deepfake]]s controversies.
* '''2014''' | science | [[w:Ian Goodfellow]] et al. presented the principles of a [[w:generative adversarial network]].  GANs made the headlines in early 2018 with the [[w:deepfake]]s controversies.
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* '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''.  A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>
* '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''.  A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>


=== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes ===
=== 2000's synthetic human-like fakes ===
 
[[File:The-matrix-logo.svg|thumb|right|300px|Logo of the [[w:The Matrix (franchise)]]]]
 
* '''2010''' | movie | [[w:Walt Disney Pictures]] released a sci-fi sequel entitled ''[[w:Tron: Legacy]]'' with a digitally rejuvenated digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Jeff Bridges]] playing the [[w:antagonist]] [[w:List of Tron characters#CLU|CLU]].
 
* '''2009''' | movie | A digital look-alike of a younger [[w:Arnold Schwarzenegger]] was made for the movie ''[[w:Terminator Salvation]]'' though the end result was critiqued as unconvincing. Facial geometry was acquired from a 1984 mold of Schwarzenegger.
 
* '''2009''' | demonstration | [http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_debevec_animates_a_photo_real_digital_face.html Paul Debevec: ''''Animating a photo-realistic face'''' at ted.com] Debevec et al. presented new digital likenesses, made by [[w:Image Metrics]], this time of actress [[w:Emily O'Brien]] whose reflectance was captured with the USC light stage 5. At 00:04:59 you can see two clips, one with the real Emily shot with a real camera and one with a digital look-alike of Emily, shot with a simulation of a camera - <u>Which is which is difficult to tell</u>. Bruce Lawmen was scanned using USC light stage 6 in still position and also recorded running there on a [[w:treadmill]]. Many, many digital look-alikes of Bruce are seen running fluently and natural looking at the ending sequence of the TED talk video. <ref name="Deb2009">[http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_debevec_animates_a_photo_real_digital_face.html In this TED talk video] at 00:04:59 you can see ''two clips, one with the real Emily shot with a real camera and one with a digital look-alike of Emily, shot with a simulation of a camera - <u>Which is which is difficult to tell</u>''. Bruce Lawmen was scanned using USC light stage 6 in still position and also recorded running there on a [[w:treadmill]]. Many, many digital look-alikes of Bruce are seen running fluently and natural looking at the ending sequence of the TED talk video.</ref> Motion looks fairly convincing contrasted to the clunky run in the [[w:Animatrix#Final Flight of the Osiris|''Animatrix: Final Flight of the Osiris'']] which was [[w:state-of-the-art]] in 2003 if photorealism was the intention of the [[w:animators]].
 
* '''2004''' | movie | The '''[[w:Spider-man 2]]''' (and '''[[w:Spider-man 3]]''', 2007) films. Relevancy: The films include a [[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alike|digital look-alike]] made of actor [[w:Tobey Maguire]] by [[w:Sony Pictures Imageworks]].<ref name="Pig2005">{{cite web
  | last = Pighin
  | first = Frédéric
  | author-link =
  | title = Siggraph 2005 Digital Face Cloning Course Notes
  | website =
  | date =
  | url = http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~lizhang/sig-course-05-face/COURSE_9_DigitalFaceCloning.pdf
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2020-06-26}}
</ref>
 
* '''2003''' | short film | [[w:The Animatrix#Final Flight of the Osiris|''The Animatrix: Final Flight of the Osiris'']] a [[w:state-of-the-art]] want-to-be human likenesses not quite fooling the watcher made by [[w:Square Pictures#Square Pictures|Square Pictures]].
 
* '''2003''' | movie(s) | The '''[[w:Matrix Reloaded]]''' and '''[[w:Matrix Revolutions]]''' films. Relevancy: '''First public display''' of '''[[synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alikes]]''' that are virtually '''indistinguishable from''' the '''real actors'''.
 
* '''2002''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qIXIHAmcKU 'Bullet' by Covenant on Youtube]''' by [[w:Covenant (band)]] from their album [[w:Northern Light (Covenant album)]]. Relevancy: Contains the best upper-torso digital look-alike of Eskil Simonsson (vocalist) that their organization could procure at the time. Here you can observe the '''classic "''skin looks like cardboard''"-bug''' (assuming this was not intended) that '''thwarted efforts to''' make digital look-alikes that '''pass human testing''' before the '''reflectance capture and dissection in 1999''' by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and subsequent development of the '''"Analytical [[w:bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]]"''' (quote-unquote) by ESC Entertainment, a company set up for the '''sole purpose''' of '''making the cinematography''' for the 2003 films Matrix Reloaded and Matrix Revolutions '''possible''', lead by George Borshukov.


[[File:Marc Berman.jpg|thumb|120px|left|Homie [[w:Marc Berman|Marc Berman]], a righteous fighter for our human rights in this age of industrial disinformation filth and a member of the [[w:California State Assembly]], most loved for authoring [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB602 AB-602], which came into effect on Jan 1 2020, banning both the manufacturing and [[w:Digital distribution|distribution]] of synthetic pornography without the [[w:consent]] of the people depicted.]]
=== 1990's synthetic human-like fakes ===
[[File:BSSDF01_400.svg|thumb|left|300px|Traditional [[w:Bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]] vs. [[w:subsurface scattering|subsurface scattering]] inclusive BSSRDF i.e. [[w:Bidirectional scattering distribution function#Overview of the BxDF functions|Bidirectional scattering-surface reflectance distribution function]]. <br/><br/>


{{#ev:youtube|LWLadJFI8Pk|640px|right|''In Event of Moon Disaster - FULL FILM'' (2020) by the [https://moondisaster.org/ moondisaster.org] project by the [https://virtuality.mit.edu/ Center for Advanced Virtuality]  of the [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]}}
An analytical BRDF must take into account the subsurface scattering, or the end result '''will not pass human testing'''.]]


* '''2020''' | demonstration | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWLadJFI8Pk ''In Event of Moon Disaster - FULL FILM'' at youtube.com] by the [https://moondisaster.org/ moondisaster.org] project by the [https://virtuality.mit.edu/ Center for Advanced Virtuality]  of the [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] makes a synthetic human-like fake in the appearance and almost in the sound of Nixon.
* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''science'''</font> | '''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=344855 'Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face' paper at dl.acm.org ]''' [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. of [[w:University of Southern California|USC]] did the '''first known reflectance capture''' over '''the human face''' with their extremely simple [[w:light stage]]. They presented their method and results in [[w:SIGGRAPH]] 2000. The scientific breakthrough required finding the [[w:subsurface scattering|w:subsurface light component]] (the simulation models are glowing from within slightly) which can be found using knowledge that light that is reflected from the oil-to-air layer retains its [[w:Polarization (waves)]] and the subsurface light loses its polarization. So equipped only with a movable light source, movable video camera, 2 polarizers and a computer program doing extremely simple math and the last piece required to reach photorealism was acquired.<ref name="Deb2000"/>
** [https://www.cnet.com/news/mit-releases-deepfake-video-of-nixon-announcing-nasa-apollo-11-disaster/ Cnet.com July 2020 reporting ''MIT releases deepfake video of 'Nixon' announcing NASA Apollo 11 disaster'']


* '''2020''' | US state law | January 1 <ref name="KFI2019">
* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]], [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref>  


{{cite web
* '''1994''' | movie | [[w:The Crow (1994 film)|The Crow]] was the first film production to make use of [[w:digital compositing]] of a computer simulated representation of a face onto scenes filmed using a [[w:body double]]. Necessity was the muse as the actor [[w:Brandon Lee]] portraying the protagonist was tragically killed accidentally on-stage.
|url= https://kfiam640.iheart.com/content/2019-12-30-here-are-the-new-california-laws-going-into-effect-in-2020/
|title= Here Are the New California Laws Going Into Effect in 2020
|last= Johnson
|first= R.J.
|date= 2019-12-30
|website= [[KFI]]
|publisher= [[iHeartMedia]]
|access-date= 2020-07-13
|quote=}}


</ref> the [[w:California]] [[w:State law (United States)|state law]] [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB602 AB-602] came into effect banning the manufacturing and [[w:Digital distribution|distribution]] of synthetic pornography without the [[w:consent]] of the people depicted.  AB-602 provides victims of synthetic pornography with [[w:injunction|injunctive relief]] and poses legal threats of [[w:statutory damages|statutory]] and [[w:punitive damages]] on [[w:criminal]]s making or distributing synthetic pornography without consent. The bill AB-602 was signed into law by California [[w:Governor (United States)|Governor]] [[w:Gavin Newsom]] on October 3 2019 and was authored by [[w:California State Assembly]] member [[w:Marc Berman]].<ref name="CNET2019">
=== 1970's synthetic human-like fakes ===


{{cite web
* '''1976''' | movie | ''[[w:Futureworld]]'' reused parts of ''A Computer Animated Hand'' on the big screen.
| last = Mihalcik
| first = Carrie
| title = California laws seek to crack down on deepfakes in politics and porn
| website = [[w:cnet.com]]
| publisher = [[w:CNET]]
| date = 2019-10-04
| url = https://www.cnet.com/news/california-laws-seek-to-crack-down-on-deepfakes-in-politics-and-porn/
| access-date = 2020-07-13
}}


</ref>
* '''1972''' | entertainment | '''[https://vimeo.com/59434349 'A Computer Animated Hand' on Vimeo]'''. [[w:A Computer Animated Hand]] by [[w:Edwin Catmull]] and [[w:Fred Parke]]. Relevancy: This was the '''first time''' that [[w:computer-generated imagery|computer-generated imagery]] was used in film to '''animate''' moving '''human-like appearance'''.
* '''2020''' | Chinese legislation | On January 1 Chinese law requiring that synthetically faked footage should bear a clear notice about its fakeness came into effect. Failure to comply could be considered a [[w:crime]] the [[w:Cyberspace Administration of China]] stated on its website. China announced this new law in November 2019.<ref name="Reuters2019">


{{cite web
* '''1971''' | science | '''[https://interstices.info/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud/ 'Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l’ombrage de Gouraud' (still photos)]'''. [[w:Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)]] made the first [[w:Computer graphics]] [[w:geometry]] [[w:digitization]] and representation of a human face. Modeling was his wife Sylvie Gouraud. The 3D model was a simple [[w:wire-frame model]] and he applied [[w:Gouraud shading]] to produce the '''first known representation''' of '''human-likeness''' on computer. <ref>{{cite web|title=Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l'ombrage de Gouraud|url=http://interstices.info/jcms/c_25256/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud}}</ref>
| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-technology/china-seeks-to-root-out-fake-news-and-deepfakes-with-new-online-content-rules-idUSKBN1Y30VU
| title = China seeks to root out fake news and deepfakes with new online content rules
| last =
| first =
| date = 2019-11-29
| website = [[w:Reuters.com]]
| publisher = [[w:Reuters]]
| access-date = 2020-07-13
| quote = }}


</ref> The Chinese government seems to be reserving the right to prosecute both users and [[w:online video platform]]s failing to abide by the rules. <ref name="TheVerge2019">
=== 1770's synthetic human-like fakes ===


{{cite web
[[File:Kempelen Speakingmachine.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A replica of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen|Kempelen]]'s [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine|speaking machine]], built 2007–09 at the Department of [[w:Phonetics|Phonetics]], [[w:Saarland University|Saarland University]], [[w:Saarbrücken|Saarbrücken]], Germany. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant|consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel|vowel]]s]]
| url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/29/20988363/china-deepfakes-ban-internet-rules-fake-news-disclosure-virtual-reality
| title = China makes it a criminal offense to publish deepfakes or fake news without disclosure
| last = Statt
| first = Nick
| date = 2019-11-29
| website =
| publisher = [[w:The Verge]]
| access-date = 2020-07-13
| quote = }}


</ref>
* '''1791''' | science | '''[[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine]]''' of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen]] of [[w:Pressburg]], [[w:Hungary]], described in a 1791 paper was [[w:bellows]]-operated.<ref>''Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine'' ("Mechanism of the human speech with description of its speaking machine", J. B. Degen, Wien).</ref> This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel]]s. (based on [[w:Speech synthesis#History]])


* '''1779''' | science / discovery | [[w:Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein]] won the first prize in a competition announced by the [[w:Russian Academy of Sciences]] for '''models''' he built of the '''human [[w:vocal tract]]''' that could produce the five long '''[[w:vowel]]''' sounds.<ref name="Helsinki">
[http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/publications/files/theses/lemmetty_mst/chap2.html History and Development of Speech Synthesis], Helsinki University of Technology, Retrieved on November 4, 2006
</ref> (Based on [[w:Speech synthesis#History]])


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