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[[File:Kempelen Speakingmachine.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A replica of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen|Kempelen]]'s [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine|speaking machine]], built 2007–09 at the Department of [[w:Phonetics|Phonetics]], [[w:Saarland University|Saarland University]], [[w:Saarbrücken|Saarbrücken]], Germany. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant|consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel|vowel]]s]] | [[File:Kempelen Speakingmachine.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A replica of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen|Kempelen]]'s [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine|speaking machine]], built 2007–09 at the Department of [[w:Phonetics|Phonetics]], [[w:Saarland University|Saarland University]], [[w:Saarbrücken|Saarbrücken]], Germany. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant|consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel|vowel]]s]] | ||
* '''1791''' | science | '''[[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine]]''' of [[w:Wolfgang von Kempelen]] of [[w:Pressburg]], [[w:Hungary]], described in a 1791 paper was [[w:bellows]]-operated.<ref>''Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine'' ("Mechanism of the human speech with description of its speaking machine", J. B. Degen, Wien).</ref> This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce [[w:consonant]]s as well as [[w:vowel]]s. (based on [[w:Speech synthesis#History]]) | |||
* '''1779''' | science / discovery | [[w:Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein]] won the first prize in a competition announced by the [[w:Russian Academy of Sciences]] for '''models''' he built of the '''human [[w:vocal tract]]''' that could produce the five long '''[[w:vowel]]''' sounds.<ref name="Helsinki"> | * '''1779''' | science / discovery | [[w:Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein]] won the first prize in a competition announced by the [[w:Russian Academy of Sciences]] for '''models''' he built of the '''human [[w:vocal tract]]''' that could produce the five long '''[[w:vowel]]''' sounds.<ref name="Helsinki"> | ||
[http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/publications/files/theses/lemmetty_mst/chap2.html History and Development of Speech Synthesis], Helsinki University of Technology, Retrieved on November 4, 2006 | [http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/publications/files/theses/lemmetty_mst/chap2.html History and Development of Speech Synthesis], Helsinki University of Technology, Retrieved on November 4, 2006 | ||
</ref> (Based on [[w:Speech synthesis#History]]) | </ref> (Based on [[w:Speech synthesis#History]]) | ||
=== 1970's synthetic human-like fakes === | === 1970's synthetic human-like fakes === | ||
* ''' | * '''1976''' | movie | ''[[w:Futureworld]]'' reused parts of ''A Computer Animated Hand'' on the big screen. | ||
* '''1972''' | entertainment | '''[https://vimeo.com/59434349 'A Computer Animated Hand' on Vimeo]'''. [[w:A Computer Animated Hand]] by [[w:Edwin Catmull]] and [[w:Fred Parke]]. Relevancy: This was the '''first time''' that [[w:computer-generated imagery|computer-generated imagery]] was used in film to '''animate''' moving '''human-like appearance'''. | * '''1972''' | entertainment | '''[https://vimeo.com/59434349 'A Computer Animated Hand' on Vimeo]'''. [[w:A Computer Animated Hand]] by [[w:Edwin Catmull]] and [[w:Fred Parke]]. Relevancy: This was the '''first time''' that [[w:computer-generated imagery|computer-generated imagery]] was used in film to '''animate''' moving '''human-like appearance'''. | ||
* ''' | * '''1971''' | science | '''[https://interstices.info/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud/ 'Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l’ombrage de Gouraud' (still photos)]'''. [[w:Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)]] made the first [[w:Computer graphics]] [[w:geometry]] [[w:digitization]] and representation of a human face. Modeling was his wife Sylvie Gouraud. The 3D model was a simple [[w:wire-frame model]] and he applied [[w:Gouraud shading]] to produce the '''first known representation''' of '''human-likeness''' on computer. <ref>{{cite web|title=Images de synthèse : palme de la longévité pour l'ombrage de Gouraud|url=http://interstices.info/jcms/c_25256/images-de-synthese-palme-de-la-longevite-pour-lombrage-de-gouraud}}</ref> | ||
=== 1990's synthetic human-like fakes === | === 1990's synthetic human-like fakes === | ||
[[File:BSSDF01_400.svg|thumb|left|300px|Traditional [[w:Bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]] vs. [[w:subsurface scattering|subsurface scattering]] inclusive BSSRDF i.e. [[w:Bidirectional scattering distribution function#Overview of the BxDF functions|Bidirectional scattering-surface reflectance distribution function]]. <br/><br/> | [[File:BSSDF01_400.svg|thumb|left|300px|Traditional [[w:Bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]] vs. [[w:subsurface scattering|subsurface scattering]] inclusive BSSRDF i.e. [[w:Bidirectional scattering distribution function#Overview of the BxDF functions|Bidirectional scattering-surface reflectance distribution function]]. <br/><br/> | ||
An analytical BRDF must take into account the subsurface scattering, or the end result '''will not pass human testing'''.]] | An analytical BRDF must take into account the subsurface scattering, or the end result '''will not pass human testing'''.]] | ||
* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''science'''</font> | '''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=344855 'Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face' paper at dl.acm.org ]''' [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. of [[w:University of Southern California|USC]] did the '''first known reflectance capture''' over '''the human face''' with their extremely simple [[w:light stage]]. They presented their method and results in [[w:SIGGRAPH]] 2000. The scientific breakthrough required finding the [[w:subsurface scattering|w:subsurface light component]] (the simulation models are glowing from within slightly) which can be found using knowledge that light that is reflected from the oil-to-air layer retains its [[w:Polarization (waves)]] and the subsurface light loses its polarization. So equipped only with a movable light source, movable video camera, 2 polarizers and a computer program doing extremely simple math and the last piece required to reach photorealism was acquired.<ref name="Deb2000"/> | |||
* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]], [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref> | * <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]], [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref> | ||
* | * '''1994''' | movie | [[w:The Crow (1994 film)|The Crow]] was the first film production to make use of [[w:digital compositing]] of a computer simulated representation of a face onto scenes filmed using a [[w:body double]]. Necessity was the muse as the actor [[w:Brandon Lee]] portraying the protagonist was tragically killed accidentally on-stage. | ||
=== 2000's synthetic human-like fakes === | === 2000's synthetic human-like fakes === | ||
[[File:The-matrix-logo.svg|thumb|right|300px|Logo of the [[w:The Matrix (franchise)]]]] | [[File:The-matrix-logo.svg|thumb|right|300px|Logo of the [[w:The Matrix (franchise)]]]] | ||
* ''' | * '''2010''' | movie | [[w:Walt Disney Pictures]] released a sci-fi sequel entitled ''[[w:Tron: Legacy]]'' with a digitally rejuvenated digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Jeff Bridges]] playing the [[w:antagonist]] [[w:List of Tron characters#CLU|CLU]]. | ||
* '''2009''' | movie | A digital look-alike of a younger [[w:Arnold Schwarzenegger]] was made for the movie ''[[w:Terminator Salvation]]'' though the end result was critiqued as unconvincing. Facial geometry was acquired from a 1984 mold of Schwarzenegger. | |||
* ''' | * '''2009''' | demonstration | [http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_debevec_animates_a_photo_real_digital_face.html Paul Debevec: ''''Animating a photo-realistic face'''' at ted.com] Debevec et al. presented new digital likenesses, made by [[w:Image Metrics]], this time of actress [[w:Emily O'Brien]] whose reflectance was captured with the USC light stage 5. At 00:04:59 you can see two clips, one with the real Emily shot with a real camera and one with a digital look-alike of Emily, shot with a simulation of a camera - <u>Which is which is difficult to tell</u>. Bruce Lawmen was scanned using USC light stage 6 in still position and also recorded running there on a [[w:treadmill]]. Many, many digital look-alikes of Bruce are seen running fluently and natural looking at the ending sequence of the TED talk video. <ref name="Deb2009">[http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_debevec_animates_a_photo_real_digital_face.html In this TED talk video] at 00:04:59 you can see ''two clips, one with the real Emily shot with a real camera and one with a digital look-alike of Emily, shot with a simulation of a camera - <u>Which is which is difficult to tell</u>''. Bruce Lawmen was scanned using USC light stage 6 in still position and also recorded running there on a [[w:treadmill]]. Many, many digital look-alikes of Bruce are seen running fluently and natural looking at the ending sequence of the TED talk video.</ref> Motion looks fairly convincing contrasted to the clunky run in the [[w:Animatrix#Final Flight of the Osiris|''Animatrix: Final Flight of the Osiris'']] which was [[w:state-of-the-art]] in 2003 if photorealism was the intention of the [[w:animators]]. | ||
* '''2004''' | movie | The '''[[w:Spider-man 2]]''' (and '''[[w:Spider-man 3]]''', 2007) films. Relevancy: The films include a [[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alike|digital look-alike]] made of actor [[w:Tobey Maguire]] by [[w:Sony Pictures Imageworks]].<ref name="Pig2005">{{cite web | * '''2004''' | movie | The '''[[w:Spider-man 2]]''' (and '''[[w:Spider-man 3]]''', 2007) films. Relevancy: The films include a [[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alike|digital look-alike]] made of actor [[w:Tobey Maguire]] by [[w:Sony Pictures Imageworks]].<ref name="Pig2005">{{cite web | ||
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</ref> | </ref> | ||
* ''' | * '''2003''' | short film | [[w:The Animatrix#Final Flight of the Osiris|''The Animatrix: Final Flight of the Osiris'']] a [[w:state-of-the-art]] want-to-be human likenesses not quite fooling the watcher made by [[w:Square Pictures#Square Pictures|Square Pictures]]. | ||
* ''' | * '''2003''' | movie(s) | The '''[[w:Matrix Reloaded]]''' and '''[[w:Matrix Revolutions]]''' films. Relevancy: '''First public display''' of '''[[synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alikes]]''' that are virtually '''indistinguishable from''' the '''real actors'''. | ||
* ''' | * '''2002''' | music video | '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qIXIHAmcKU 'Bullet' by Covenant on Youtube]''' by [[w:Covenant (band)]] from their album [[w:Northern Light (Covenant album)]]. Relevancy: Contains the best upper-torso digital look-alike of Eskil Simonsson (vocalist) that their organization could procure at the time. Here you can observe the '''classic "''skin looks like cardboard''"-bug''' (assuming this was not intended) that '''thwarted efforts to''' make digital look-alikes that '''pass human testing''' before the '''reflectance capture and dissection in 1999''' by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and subsequent development of the '''"Analytical [[w:bidirectional reflectance distribution function|BRDF]]"''' (quote-unquote) by ESC Entertainment, a company set up for the '''sole purpose''' of '''making the cinematography''' for the 2003 films Matrix Reloaded and Matrix Revolutions '''possible''', lead by George Borshukov. | ||
=== 2010's synthetic human-like fakes === | |||
* '''2019''' | US state law | Since September 1 [[w:Texas]] senate bill [https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/86R/billtext/html/SB00751F.htm SB 751] [[w:amendment]]s to the election code came into effect, giving [[w:candidates]] in [[w:elections]] a 30-day protection period to the elections during which making and distributing digital look-alikes or synthetic fakes of the candidates is an offense. The law text defines the subject of the law as "''a video, created with the intent to deceive, that appears to depict a real person performing an action that did not occur in reality''"<ref name="TexasSB751"> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url= https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=86R&Bill=SB751 | |||
|title= Relating to the creation of a criminal offense for fabricating a deceptive video with intent to influence the outcome of an election | |||
|last= | |||
|first= | |||
|date= 2019-06-14 | |||
|website= | |||
|publisher= [[w:Texas]] | |||
|access-date= 2020-07-13 | |||
|quote= In this section, "deep fake video" means a video, created with the intent to deceive, that appears to depict a real person performing an action that did not occur in reality}} | |||
</ref> | |||
* '''2019''' | US state law | Since July 1 <ref> | |||
< | |||
{{Cite web | |||
| url=https://www.fauquier.com/news/new-state-laws-go-into-effect-july/article_6e2e16c8-96b7-11e9-88d0-83a8852ef3eb.html | |||
| title=New state laws go into effect July 1 | |||
}} | |||
</ref> [[w:Virginia]] [[w:criminalization|has criminalized]] the sale and dissemination of unauthorized synthetic pornography, but not the manufacture.<ref name="Virginia2019Chapter515"> | |||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| url = | | url = https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-386.2/ | ||
| title = | | title = § 18.2-386.2. Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty. | ||
| last = | | last = | ||
| first = | | first = | ||
| | | date = | ||
| | | website = | ||
| publisher = [[w:Virginia]] | |||
| access-date = 2020-07-13 | | access-date = 2020-07-13 | ||
| quote = }} | | quote = }} | ||
* ''' | </ref>, as [https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-386.2/ § 18.2-386.2 titled 'Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty.'] became part of the [[w:Code of Virginia]]. The law text states: "''Any person who, with the [[w:Intention (criminal law)|intent]] to [[w:coercion|coerce]], [[w:harassment|harass]], or [[w:intimidation|intimidate]], [[w:Malice_(law)|malicious]]ly [[w:dissemination|disseminates]] or [[w:sales|sells]] any videographic or still image created by any means whatsoever that depicts another person who is totally [w:[nudity|nude]], or in a state of undress so as to expose the [[w:sex organs|genitals]], pubic area, [[w:buttocks]], or female [[w:breast]], where such person knows or has reason to know that he is not [[w:license]]d or [[w:authorization|authorized]] to disseminate or sell such videographic or still image is guilty of a Class 1 [[w:Misdemeanor#United States|misdemeanor]].''".<ref name="Virginia2019Chapter515"/> The identical bills were [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2678 House Bill 2678] presented by [[w:Delegate (American politics)|Delegate]] [[w:Marcus Simon]] to the [[w:Virginia House of Delegates]] on January 14 2019 and three day later an identical [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+SB1736 Senate bill 1736] was introduced to the [[w:Senate of Virginia]] by Senator [[w:Adam Ebbin]]. | ||
* '''2019''' | demonstration | In September 2019 [[w:Yle]], the Finnish [[w:public broadcasting company]], aired a result of experimental [[w:journalism]], [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10955498 a deepfake] of the President in office [[w:Sauli Niinistö]] in its main news broadcast for the purpose of highlighting the advancing disinformation technology and problems that arise from it. | |||
* '''2019''' | science and demonstration | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.09773.pdf ''''Speech2Face: Learning the Face Behind a Voice'''' at arXiv.org] a system for generating likely facial features based on the voice of a person, presented by the [[w:MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] at the 2019 [[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition|CVPR]]. [https://github.com/saiteja-talluri/Speech2Face Speech2Face at github.com] This may develop to something that really causes problems. [https://neurohive.io/en/news/speech2face-neural-network-predicts-the-face-behind-a-voice/ "Speech2Face: Neural Network Predicts the Face Behind a Voice" reporing at neurohive.io], [https://belitsoft.com/speech-recognition-software-development/speech2face "Speech2Face Sees Voices and Hears Faces: Dreams Come True with AI" reporting at belitsoft.com] | |||
* '''2019''' | <font color="red">'''crime'''</font> | [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/?noredirect=on 'An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft'], a 2019 Washington Post article | |||
* '''2019''' | demonstration | '''[http://whichfaceisreal.com/ 'Which Face is real?' at whichfaceisreal.com]''' is an easily unnerving game by [http://ctbergstrom.com/ Carl Bergstrom] and [https://jevinwest.org/ Jevin West] where you need to '''try to distinguish''' from a pair of photos '''which is real and which is not'''. A part of the "tools" of the [https://callingbullshit.org/ Calling Bullshit] course taught at the [[w:University of Washington]]. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font> | |||
* '''2019''' | demonstration | '''[https://www.thispersondoesnotexist.com/ 'Thispersondoesnotexist.com']''' (since February 2019) by Philip Wang. It showcases a [[w:StyleGAN]] at the task of making an endless stream of pictures that look like no-one in particular, but are eerily human-like. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font> | |||
* '''2019''' | action | [[w:Nvidia]] [[w:open source]]s [[w:StyleGAN]], a novel [[w:generative adversarial network]].<ref name="Medium2019"> | |||
{{Cite web | |||
|url=https://medium.com/syncedreview/nvidia-open-sources-hyper-realistic-face-generator-stylegan-f346e1a73826 | |||
|title= NVIDIA Open-Sources Hyper-Realistic Face Generator StyleGAN | |||
|last= | |||
|first= | |||
|date= 2019-02-09 | |||
|website= [[Medium.com]] | |||
|access-date= 2020-07-13 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
* '''<font color="red">2018</font>''' | '''<font color="red">counter-measure</font>''' | In September 2018 Google added “'''involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery'''” to its '''ban list''', allowing anyone to request the search engine block results that falsely depict them as “nude or in a sexually explicit situation.”<ref name="WashingtonPost2018"> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/12/30/fake-porn-videos-are-being-weaponized-harass-humiliate-women-everybody-is-potential-target/ | |||
|title= Fake-porn videos are being weaponized to harass and humiliate women: 'Everybody is a potential target' | |||
|last= Harwell | |||
|first= Drew | |||
|date= 2018-12-30 | |||
|website= | |||
|publisher= [[w:The Washington Post]] | |||
|access-date= 2020-07-13 | |||
|quote= In September [of 2018], Google added “involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery” to its ban list | |||
}} | |||
</ref> '''[https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/9116649?hl=en Information on removing involuntary fake pornography from Google at support.google.com]''' if it shows up in Google and the '''[https://support.google.com/websearch/troubleshooter/3111061#ts=2889054%2C2889099%2C2889064%2C9171203 form to request removing involuntary fake pornography at support.google.com]''', select "''I want to remove: A fake nude or sexually explicit picture or video of myself''" | |||
[[File:GoogleLogoSept12015.png|thumb|right|300px|[[w:Google|Google]]'s logo. Google Research demonstrated their '''[https://google.github.io/tacotron/publications/speaker_adaptation/ sound-like-anyone-machine]''' at the '''2018''' [[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems|Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]] (NeurIPS). It requires only 5 seconds of sample to steal a voice.]] | |||
* '''2018''' | | * '''<font color="red">2018</font>''' | <font color="red">science</font> and <font color="red">demonstration</font> | The work [http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7700-transfer-learning-from-speaker-verification-to-multispeaker-text-to-speech-synthesis ''''Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis''''] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04558 at arXiv.org]) was presented at the 2018 [[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]] ('''NeurIPS'''). The pre-trained model is able to steal voices from a sample of only '''5 seconds''' with almost convincing results. | ||
* '''2018''' | demonstration | At the 2018 [[w:World Internet Conference]] in [[w:Wuzhen]] the [[w:Xinhua News Agency]] presented two digital look-alikes made to the resemblance of its real news anchors Qiu Hao ([[w:Chinese language]])<ref name="TheGuardian2018"> | * '''2018''' | demonstration | At the 2018 [[w:World Internet Conference]] in [[w:Wuzhen]] the [[w:Xinhua News Agency]] presented two digital look-alikes made to the resemblance of its real news anchors Qiu Hao ([[w:Chinese language]])<ref name="TheGuardian2018"> | ||
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</ref> Neither the [[w:speech synthesis]] used nor the gesturing of the digital look-alike anchors were good enough to deceive the watcher to mistake them for real humans imaged with a TV camera. | </ref> Neither the [[w:speech synthesis]] used nor the gesturing of the digital look-alike anchors were good enough to deceive the watcher to mistake them for real humans imaged with a TV camera. | ||
* '''2018''' | controversy / demonstration | The [[w:deepfake]]s controversy surfaces where [[w:Pornographic film|porn video]]s were doctored utilizing [[w:deep learning|deep machine learning]] so that the face of the actress was replaced by the software's opinion of what another persons face would look like in the same pose and lighting. | |||
* '''2017''' | science | '''[http://grail.cs.washington.edu/projects/AudioToObama/ 'Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio' at grail.cs.washington.edu]'''. In SIGGRAPH 2017 by Supasorn Suwajanakorn et al. of the [[w:University of Washington]] presented an audio driven digital look-alike of upper torso of Barack Obama. It was driven only by a voice track as source data for the animation after the training phase to acquire [[w:lip sync]] and wider facial information from [[w:training material]] consisting 2D videos with audio had been completed.<ref name="Suw2017">{{Citation | |||
| last = Suwajanakorn | first = Supasorn | |||
| author-link = | |||
| last2 = Seitz | first2 = Steven | |||
| author2-link = | |||
| last3 = Kemelmacher-Shlizerman | first3 = Ira | |||
| author3-link = | |||
| title = Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio | |||
| publisher = [[University of Washington]] | |||
| year = 2017 | |||
| url = http://grail.cs.washington.edu/projects/AudioToObama/ | |||
| access-date = 2020-07-13 }} | |||
</ref> <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font> | |||
* '''2016''' | movie | '''[[w:Rogue One]]''' is a Star Wars film for which digital look-alikes of actors [[w:Peter Cushing]] and [[w:Carrie Fisher]] were made. In the film their appearance would appear to be of same age as the actors were during the filming of the original 1977 ''[[w:Star Wars (film)]]'' film. | |||
* ''' | * '''2016''' | science / demonstration | [[w:DeepMind]]'s [[w:WaveNet]] owned by [[w:Google]] also demonstrated ability to steal people's voices | ||
[[File:Adobe Corporate Logo.png|thumb|right|300px|[[w:Adobe Inc.]]'s logo. We can thank Adobe for publicly demonstrating their sound-like-anyone-machine in '''2016''' before an implementation was sold to criminal organizations.]] | |||
* ''' | * '''<font color="red">2016</font>''' | <font color="red">science</font> and demonstration | '''[[w:Adobe Inc.]]''' publicly demonstrates '''[[w:Adobe Voco]]''', a '''sound-like-anyone machine''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3l4XLZ59iw '#VoCo. Adobe Audio Manipulator Sneak Peak with Jordan Peele | Adobe Creative Cloud' on Youtube]. THe original Adobe Voco required '''20 minutes''' of sample '''to thieve a voice'''. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>. | ||
| | |||
* ''' | * '''2016''' | science | '''[http://www.niessnerlab.org/projects/thies2016face.html 'Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos' at Niessnerlab.org]''' A paper (with videos) on the semi-real-time 2D video manipulation with gesture forcing and lip sync forcing synthesis by Thies et al, Stanford. <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font> | ||
* ''' | * '''2015''' | movie | In the ''[[w:Furious 7]]'' a digital look-alike made of the actor [[w:Paul Walker]] who died in an accident during the filming was done by [[w:Weta Digital]] to enable the completion of the film.<ref name="thr2015"> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| url = | | url = http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/furious-7-how-peter-jacksons-784157 | ||
| title = | | title = 'Furious 7' and How Peter Jackson's Weta Created Digital Paul Walker | ||
| last = | | last = Giardina | ||
| first = | | first = Carolyn | ||
| date = | | date = 2015-03-25 | ||
| | | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | ||
| access-date = 2020-07-13 | | access-date = 2020-07-13 | ||
| quote = }} | | quote = }} | ||
</ref> | |||
* '''2014''' | science | [[w:Ian Goodfellow]] et al. presented the principles of a [[w:generative adversarial network]]. GANs made the headlines in early 2018 with the [[w:deepfake]]s controversies. | |||
* ''' | * '''2013''' | demonstration | At the 2013 SIGGGRAPH [[w:Activision]] and USC presented a [[w:real time computing|real time]] "Digital Ira" a digital face look-alike of Ari Shapiro, an ICT USC research scientist,<ref name="reform_youtube2015"> | ||
{{cite AV media | |||
| people = | |||
| title = ReForm - Hollywood's Creating Digital Clones | |||
| medium = youtube | |||
| publisher = The Creators Project | |||
| location = | |||
| date = 2020-07-13 | |||
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTC3k9Iv4r0 | |||
}} | |||
{{cite web | </ref> utilizing the USC light stage X by Ghosh et al. for both reflectance field and motion capture.<ref name="Deb2013">{{cite web | ||
| last = Debevec | |||
| first = Paul | |||
| title = Digital Ira SIGGRAPH 2013 Real-Time Live | |||
| website = | |||
| date = | |||
| url = http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/DigitalIra/ | |||
| format = | |||
| doi = | |||
| accessdate = 2017-07-13}} | |||
</ref> The end result both precomputed and real-time rendering with the modernest game [[w:Graphics processing unit|GPU]] shown [http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/DigitalIra/ here] and looks fairly realistic. | |||
</ | * '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''. A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font> | ||
=== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes === | === 2020's synthetic human-like fakes === | ||
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{{#ev:youtube|LWLadJFI8Pk|640px|right|''In Event of Moon Disaster - FULL FILM'' (2020) by the [https://moondisaster.org/ moondisaster.org] project by the [https://virtuality.mit.edu/ Center for Advanced Virtuality] of the [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]}} | {{#ev:youtube|LWLadJFI8Pk|640px|right|''In Event of Moon Disaster - FULL FILM'' (2020) by the [https://moondisaster.org/ moondisaster.org] project by the [https://virtuality.mit.edu/ Center for Advanced Virtuality] of the [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]}} | ||
* '''2020''' | demonstration | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWLadJFI8Pk ''In Event of Moon Disaster - FULL FILM'' at youtube.com] by the [https://moondisaster.org/ moondisaster.org] project by the [https://virtuality.mit.edu/ Center for Advanced Virtuality] of the [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] makes a synthetic human-like fake in the appearance and almost in the sound of Nixon. | |||
** [https://www.cnet.com/news/mit-releases-deepfake-video-of-nixon-announcing-nasa-apollo-11-disaster/ Cnet.com July 2020 reporting ''MIT releases deepfake video of 'Nixon' announcing NASA Apollo 11 disaster''] | |||
* '''2020''' | US state law | January 1 <ref name="KFI2019"> | * '''2020''' | US state law | January 1 <ref name="KFI2019"> | ||
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</ref> | </ref> | ||
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