Editing Synthetic human-like fakes
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'''Definitions''' | '''Definitions''' | ||
<section begin=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes /> | <section begin=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes /> | ||
When the '''[[Glossary#No camera|camera does not exist]]''', but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alike]]'''. | When the '''[[Glossary#No camera|camera does not exist]]''', but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alike]]'''. | ||
When it cannot be determined by human testing or media forensics whether some fake voice is a synthetic fake of some person's voice, or is it an actual recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a pre-recorded '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alike]]'''. | |||
::[[Synthetic human-like fakes|Read more about '''synthetic human-like fakes''']], see and support '''[[organizations and events against synthetic human-like fakes]]''' and what they are doing, what kinds of '''[[Laws against synthesis and other related crimes]]''' have been formulated, [[Synthetic human-like fakes#Timeline of synthetic human-like fakes|examine the SSFWIKI '''timeline''' of synthetic human-like fakes]] or [[Mediatheque|view the '''Mediatheque''']]. | |||
When it cannot be determined by human testing or media forensics whether some fake voice is a synthetic fake of some person's voice, or is it an actual recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a pre-recorded '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alike]]'''. | |||
''' | |||
<section end=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes /> | <section end=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes /> | ||
[[File:Screenshot at 27s of a moving digital-look-alike made to appear Obama-like by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed 2018.png|thumb|right|480px|link=Mediatheque/2018/Obama's appearance thieved - a public service announcement digital look-alike by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed|{{#lst:Mediatheque|Obama-like-fake-2018}}]] | [[File:Screenshot at 27s of a moving digital-look-alike made to appear Obama-like by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed 2018.png|thumb|right|480px|link=Mediatheque/2018/Obama's appearance thieved - a public service announcement digital look-alike by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed|{{#lst:Mediatheque|Obama-like-fake-2018}}]] | ||
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<small>[[:File:Deb-2000-reflectance-separation.png|Original picture]] by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. - Copyright ACM 2000 https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311779.344855</small>]] | <small>[[:File:Deb-2000-reflectance-separation.png|Original picture]] by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. - Copyright ACM 2000 https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311779.344855</small>]] | ||
In the cinemas we have seen digital look-alikes for | In the cinemas we have seen digital look-alikes for over 15 years. These digital look-alikes have "clothing" (a simulation of clothing is not clothing) or "superhero costumes" and "superbaddie costumes", and they don't need to care about the laws of physics, let alone laws of physiology. It is generally accepted that digital look-alikes made their public debut in the sequels of The Matrix i.e. [[w:The Matrix Reloaded]] and [[w:The Matrix Revolutions]] released in 2003. It can be considered almost certain, that it was not possible to make these before the year 1999, as the final piece of the puzzle to make a (still) digital look-alike that passes human testing, the [[Glossary#Reflectance capture|reflectance capture]] over the human face, was made for the first time in 1999 at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and was presented to the crème de la crème | ||
of the computer graphics field in their annual gathering SIGGRAPH 2000.<ref name="Deb2000"> | of the computer graphics field in their annual gathering SIGGRAPH 2000.<ref name="Deb2000"> | ||
{{cite book | {{cite book | ||
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=== The problems with digital look-alikes === | === The problems with digital look-alikes === | ||
Extremely unfortunately for the humankind, organized criminal leagues, that posses the '''weapons capability''' of making believable looking '''synthetic pornography''', are producing on industrial production pipelines ''' | Extremely unfortunately for the humankind, organized criminal leagues, that posses the '''weapons capability''' of making believable looking '''synthetic pornography''', are producing on industrial production pipelines '''synthetic terror porn'''<ref group="footnote" name="About the term synthetic terror porn">It is terminologically more precise, more inclusive and more useful to talk about 'synthetic terror porn', if we want to talk about things with their real names, than 'synthetic rape porn', because also synthesizing recordings of consentual looking sex scenes can be terroristic in intent.</ref> by animating digital look-alikes and distributing it in the murky Internet in exchange for money stacks that are getting thinner and thinner as time goes by. | ||
These industrially produced pornographic delusions are causing great humane suffering, especially in their direct victims, but they are also tearing our communities and societies apart, sowing blind rage, perceptions of deepening chaos, feelings of powerlessness and provoke violence. This '''hate illustration''' increases and strengthens hate thinking, hate speech, hate crimes and tears our fragile social constructions apart and with time perverts humankind's view of humankind into an almost unrecognizable shape, unless we interfere with resolve. | |||
=== List of possible naked digital look-alike attacks === | |||
''' | * The classic "''portrayal of as if in involuntary sex''"-attack. (Digital look-alike "cries") | ||
* "''Sexual preference alteration''"-attack. (Digital look-alike "smiles") | |||
* "''Cutting / beating''"-attack (Constructs a deceptive history for genuine scars) | |||
* "''Mutilation''"-attack (Digital look-alike "dies") | |||
* "''Unconscious and injected''"-attack (Digital look-alike gets "disease") | |||
=== Age analysis and rejuvenating and aging syntheses === | === Age analysis and rejuvenating and aging syntheses === | ||
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== Digital sound-alikes == | == Digital sound-alikes == | ||
[[File:Helsingin-Sanomat-2012-David-Martin-Howard-of-University-of-York-on-apporaching-digital-sound-alikes.jpg|right|thumb|338px|A picture of a cut-away titled "''Voice-terrorist could mimic a leader''" from a 2012 [[w:Helsingin Sanomat]] warning that the sound-like-anyone machines are approaching. Thank you to homie [https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/david-martin-howard(ecfa9e9e-1290-464f-981a-0c70a534609e).html Prof. David Martin Howard] of the [[w:University of York]], UK and the anonymous editor for the heads-up.]] | [[File:Helsingin-Sanomat-2012-David-Martin-Howard-of-University-of-York-on-apporaching-digital-sound-alikes.jpg|right|thumb|338px|A picture of a cut-away titled "''Voice-terrorist could mimic a leader''" from a 2012 [[w:Helsingin Sanomat]] warning that the sound-like-anyone machines are approaching. Thank you to homie [https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/david-martin-howard(ecfa9e9e-1290-464f-981a-0c70a534609e).html Prof. David Martin Howard] of the [[w:University of York]], UK and the anonymous editor for the heads-up.]] | ||
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<section end=2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud /> | <section end=2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud /> | ||
=== What should we do about digital sound-alikes? === | |||
Living people can defend<ref group="footnote" name="judiciary maybe not aware">Whether a suspect can defend against faked synthetic speech that sounds like him/her depends on how up-to-date the judiciary is. If no information and instructions about digital sound-alikes have been given to the judiciary, they likely will not believe the defense of denying that the recording is of the suspect's voice.</ref> themselves against digital sound-alike by denying the things the digital sound-alike says if they are presented to the target, but dead people cannot. Digital sound-alikes offer criminals new disinformation attack vectors and wreak havoc on provability. | |||
For these reasons the bannable '''raw materials''' i.e. covert voice models '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|should be prohibited by law]]''' in order to protect humans from abuse by criminal parties. | |||
=== Example of a hypothetical 4-victim digital sound-alike attack === | === Example of a hypothetical 4-victim digital sound-alike attack === | ||
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# Victim #3 - It could also be viewed that victim #3 is our law enforcement systems as they are put to chase after and interrogate the innocent victim #1 | # Victim #3 - It could also be viewed that victim #3 is our law enforcement systems as they are put to chase after and interrogate the innocent victim #1 | ||
# Victim #4 - Our judiciary which prosecutes and possibly convicts the innocent victim #1. | # Victim #4 - Our judiciary which prosecutes and possibly convicts the innocent victim #1. | ||
Thus it is high time to act and to '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|criminalize the covert modeling of human voice!]]''' | |||
=== Examples of speech synthesis software not quite able to fool a human yet === | === Examples of speech synthesis software not quite able to fool a human yet === | ||
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[[File:Spectrogram-19thC.png|thumb|right|640px|A [[w:spectrogram]] of a male voice saying 'nineteenth century']] | [[File:Spectrogram-19thC.png|thumb|right|640px|A [[w:spectrogram]] of a male voice saying 'nineteenth century']] | ||
== Text syntheses == | == Text syntheses == | ||
[[w:Chatbot]]s | [[w:Chatbot]]s have existed for a longer time, but only now armed with AI they are becoming more deceiving. | ||
In [[w:natural language processing]] development in [[w:natural-language understanding]] leads to more cunning [[w:natural-language generation]] AI. | In [[w:natural language processing]] development in [[w:natural-language understanding]] leads to more cunning [[w:natural-language generation]] AI. | ||
[[w:OpenAI]]'s [[w:OpenAI#GPT|w:Generative Pre-trained Transformer]] ('''GPT''') is a left-to-right [[w:transformer (machine learning model)]]-based [[w:Natural-language generation|text generation]] model succeeded by [[w:OpenAI#GPT-2|w:GPT-2]] and [[w:OpenAI#GPT-3|w:GPT-3]] | [[w:OpenAI]]'s [[w:OpenAI#GPT|w:Generative Pre-trained Transformer]] ('''GPT''') is a left-to-right [[w:transformer (machine learning model)]]-based [[w:Natural-language generation|text generation]] model succeeded by [[w:OpenAI#GPT-2|w:GPT-2]] and [[w:OpenAI#GPT-3|w:GPT-3]] | ||
''' Reporting / announcements ''' | |||
* [https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/14/1006780/ai-gpt-3-fake-blog-reached-top-of-hacker-news/ ''''A college kid’s fake, AI-generated blog fooled tens of thousands. This is how he made it.'''' at technologyreview.com] '''August 2020''' reporting in the [[w:MIT Technology Review]] by Karen Hao about GPT-3. | * [https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/14/1006780/ai-gpt-3-fake-blog-reached-top-of-hacker-news/ ''''A college kid’s fake, AI-generated blog fooled tens of thousands. This is how he made it.'''' at technologyreview.com] '''August 2020''' reporting in the [[w:MIT Technology Review]] by Karen Hao about GPT-3. | ||
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''' External links ''' | ''' External links ''' | ||
* [https://analyticssteps.com/blogs/detection-fake-and-false-news-text-analysis-approaches-and-cnn-deep-learning-model '''"Detection of Fake and False News (Text Analysis): Approaches and CNN as Deep Learning Model"''' at analyticsteps.com], a 2019 summmary written by Shubham Panth. | * [https://analyticssteps.com/blogs/detection-fake-and-false-news-text-analysis-approaches-and-cnn-deep-learning-model '''"Detection of Fake and False News (Text Analysis): Approaches and CNN as Deep Learning Model"''' at analyticsteps.com], a 2019 summmary written by Shubham Panth. | ||
== Handwriting syntheses == | == Handwriting syntheses == | ||
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== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes == | == 2020's synthetic human-like fakes == | ||
[[File:Appearance of Queen Elizabeth II stolen by Channel 4 in Dec 2020 (screenshot at 191s).png|thumb|right|480px|In Dec 2020 Channel 4 aired a Queen-like fake i.e. they had thieved the appearance of Queen Elizabeth II using deepfake methods.]] | |||
* ''' | * '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | The work [https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity22/presentation/blue '''Who Are You (I Really Wanna Know)? Detecting Audio DeepFakes Through Vocal Tract Reconstruction''' at usenix.org with links to the paper, presentation handout and slides] from researchers of the Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research (FICS) in the [[w:University of Florida]] and received funding from the [[w:Office of Naval Research]] and was presented in August 2020 at the [[w:USENIX]] Security Symposium. | ||
* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green"> | * '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.12043.pdf '''Protecting President Zelenskyy against deep fakes''' a 2022 preprint at arxiv.org] by Matyáš Boháček of Johannes Kepler Gymnasium and [[w:Hany Farid]], the dean and head of of [[w:University of California, Berkeley School of Information|w:Berkeley School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley]]. This brief paper describes their automated digital look-alike detection system and evaluate its efficacy and reliability in comparison to humans with untrained eyes. Their work provides automated evaluation tools to catch so called "deep fakes" and their motivation seems to have been to find automation armor against disinformation warfare against humans and the humanity. Automated digital [[Glossary#Media forensics|media forensics]] is a very good idea explored by many. Boháček and Farid 2022 detection system works by evaluating both facial mannerisms as well as gestural mannerisms to detect the non-human ones from the ones that are human in origin. | ||
* '''2021''' | Science and demonstration | In the NeurIPS 2021 held virtually in December researchers from Nvidia and [[w:Aalto University]] present their paper [https://nvlabs.github.io/stylegan3/ '''''Alias-Free Generative Adversarial Networks (StyleGAN3)''''' at nvlabs.github.io] and associated [https://github.com/NVlabs/stylegan3 implementation] in [[w:PyTorch]] and the results are deceivingly human-like in appearance. [https://nvlabs-fi-cdn.nvidia.com/stylegan3/stylegan3-paper.pdf StyleGAN3 paper as .pdf at nvlabs-fi-cdn.nvidia.com] | * '''2021''' | Science and demonstration | In the NeurIPS 2021 held virtually in December researchers from Nvidia and [[w:Aalto University]] present their paper [https://nvlabs.github.io/stylegan3/ '''''Alias-Free Generative Adversarial Networks (StyleGAN3)''''' at nvlabs.github.io] and associated [https://github.com/NVlabs/stylegan3 implementation] in [[w:PyTorch]] and the results are deceivingly human-like in appearance. [https://nvlabs-fi-cdn.nvidia.com/stylegan3/stylegan3-paper.pdf StyleGAN3 paper as .pdf at nvlabs-fi-cdn.nvidia.com] | ||
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|last=Rosner | |last=Rosner | ||
|first=Helen | |first=Helen | ||
|author-link= | |author-link=Helen Rosner | ||
|date=2021-07-15 | |date=2021-07-15 | ||
|title=A Haunting New Documentary About Anthony Bourdain | |title=A Haunting New Documentary About Anthony Bourdain | ||
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* '''2021''' | '''<font color="red">crime / fraud</font>''' | {{#lst:Synthetic human-like fakes|2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud}} | * '''2021''' | '''<font color="red">crime / fraud</font>''' | {{#lst:Synthetic human-like fakes|2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud}} | ||
* '''<font color="green">2020</font>''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | The [https://incidentdatabase.ai/ ''''''AI Incident Database'''''' at incidentdatabase.ai] was introduced on 2020-11-18 by the [[w:Partnership on AI]].<ref name="PartnershipOnAI2020">https://www.partnershiponai.org/aiincidentdatabase/</ref> | * '''<font color="green">2020</font>''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | The [https://incidentdatabase.ai/ ''''''AI Incident Database'''''' at incidentdatabase.ai] was introduced on 2020-11-18 by the [[w:Partnership on AI]].<ref name="PartnershipOnAI2020">https://www.partnershiponai.org/aiincidentdatabase/</ref> | ||
* '''2020''' | '''Controversy''' / '''Public service announcement''' | Channel 4 thieved the appearance of Queen Elizabeth II using deepfake methods. The product of synthetic human-like fakery originally aired on Channel 4 on 25 December at 15:25 GMT.<ref name="Queen-like deepfake 2020 BBC reporting">https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55424730</ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvY-Abd2FfM&t=3s View in YouTube] | * '''2020''' | '''Controversy''' / '''Public service announcement''' | Channel 4 thieved the appearance of Queen Elizabeth II using deepfake methods. The product of synthetic human-like fakery originally aired on Channel 4 on 25 December at 15:25 GMT.<ref name="Queen-like deepfake 2020 BBC reporting">https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55424730</ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvY-Abd2FfM&t=3s View in YouTube] | ||
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* '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''. A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font> | * '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''. A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font> | ||
== 2000's synthetic human-like fakes == | == 2000's synthetic human-like fakes == | ||
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* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref>. In 2016 [[w:Hao Li]] was appointed to direct the institute. | * <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref>. In 2016 [[w:Hao Li]] was appointed to direct the institute. | ||
* '''1997''' | '''technology / science''' | [https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/human/bregler-sig97.pdf ''''Video rewrite: Driving visual speech with audio'''' at www2.eecs.berkeley.edu]<ref name="Bregler1997" /><ref group="1st seen in" name="Bohacek-Farid-2022"> | * '''1997''' | '''technology / science''' | [https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/human/bregler-sig97.pdf ''''Video rewrite: Driving visual speech with audio'''' at www2.eecs.berkeley.edu]<ref name="Bregler1997"> | ||
{{cite journal | |||
| last1 = Bregler | |||
| first1 = Christoph | |||
| last2 = Covell | |||
| first2 = Michele | |||
| last3 = Slaney | |||
| first3 = Malcolm | |||
| date = 1997-08-03 | |||
| title = Video Rewrite: Driving Visual Speech with Audio | |||
| url = https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/human/bregler-sig97.pdf | |||
| journal = SIGGRAPH '97: Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques | |||
| volume = | |||
| issue = | |||
| pages = 353-360 | |||
| doi = 10.1145/258734.258880 | |||
| access-date = 2022-09-09 | |||
}} | |||
</ref><ref group="1st seen in" name="Bohacek-Farid-2022"> | |||
PROTECTING PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY AGAINST DEEP FAKES https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.12043.pdf | PROTECTING PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY AGAINST DEEP FAKES https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.12043.pdf | ||
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== Contact information of organizations == | == Contact information of organizations == | ||
Please contact | Please contact these organizations and tell them to work harder against the disinformation weapons | ||
<references group="contact" /> | |||
= 1st seen in = | = 1st seen in = |