Laws against synthesis and other related crimes: Difference between revisions
Juho Kunsola (talk | contribs) →India: + link to Section 67B. - '''Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material depicting children in sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form.''' |
Juho Kunsola (talk | contribs) →Law against synthesis crimes in the UK: headings + reorg |
||
| (37 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
New laws | New laws | ||
* [[#UK|UK]]'s [[#Online Safety Act 2023|Online Safety Act 2023]] has been passed to law and reportedly criminalizes non-consensual synthetic pornography. | * [[#UK|UK]]'s [[#Online Safety Act 2023|Online Safety Act 2023]] has been passed to law and reportedly criminalizes non-consensual synthetic pornography. | ||
* The [[#EU|European Union]] has finalized a law package to regulate AI called the [[#Artificial Intelligence Act|Artificial Intelligence Act]] | |||
New bills are currently in the works in | New bills are currently in the works in | ||
* | * Current [[#Bills in the EU|bills in the EU]] of high importance are the almost finalized [[#Directive on combating violence against women and domestic violence|Directive on combating violence against women and domestic violence]] and the [[#Regulation to Prevent and Combat Child Sexual Abuse|Regulation to Prevent and Combat Child Sexual Abuse]] | ||
* [[#Current bills in the USA|US Senate is considering an anti-fake bill and the House is considering several bills]] | * [[#Current bills in the USA|US Senate is considering an anti-fake bill and the House is considering several bills]] | ||
* [[#Canada|Canada]] is considering C-27 | * [[#Canada|Canada]] is considering C-27 | ||
| Line 21: | Line 22: | ||
'''Information elsewhere / legal information compilations''' (recommended) | '''Information elsewhere / legal information compilations''' (recommended) | ||
<section begin=anti-fake-law-compilations/> | <section begin=anti-fake-law-compilations/> | ||
* {{#lst:Organizations, studies and events against synthetic human-like fakes|cybercivilrights.org law compilations}} | |||
* <section begin=responsible.ai 2023/>[https://www.responsible.ai/post/a-look-at-global-deepfake-regulation-approaches '''''A Look at Global Deepfake Regulation Approaches''''' at responsible.ai]<ref name="responsible.ai 2023"> | * <section begin=responsible.ai 2023/>[https://www.responsible.ai/post/a-look-at-global-deepfake-regulation-approaches '''''A Look at Global Deepfake Regulation Approaches''''' at responsible.ai]<ref name="responsible.ai 2023"> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| Line 61: | Line 63: | ||
}} | }} | ||
</ref> May 2023 compilation and reporting by Kaylee Williams<section end=tech policy press 2023/> | </ref> May 2023 compilation and reporting by Kaylee Williams<section end=tech policy press 2023/> | ||
* <section begin=Foundation RA deepfake AI laws for USA/>[https://foundationra.com/deepfake-ai-laws/ '''''Deepfake AI laws for USA''''' at foundationra.com], [https://foundationra.com/sextortion-laws/ '''''Sextortion laws for USA''''' at foundationra.com] and [https://foundationra.com/revenge-porn-laws-us/ '''''Revenge porn laws for USA''''' at foundationra.com] compilations by [https://foundationra.com/ Foundation RA]<section end=Foundation RA deepfake AI laws for USA/> | |||
* <section begin=Onfido 2024/>[https://onfido.com/blog/deepfake-law/ '''''Deepfake laws: is AI outpacing legislation?''''' at onfido.com]<ref name="Onfido 2024"> | * <section begin=Onfido 2024/>[https://onfido.com/blog/deepfake-law/ '''''Deepfake laws: is AI outpacing legislation?''''' at onfido.com]<ref name="Onfido 2024"> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| Line 106: | Line 110: | ||
<section end=anti-fake-law-compilations/> | <section end=anti-fake-law-compilations/> | ||
= Australia = | |||
[[File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|thumb|right|200px|Australia]] | |||
The [https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2021A00076/latest/text '''Online Safety Act 2021''' at legislation.gov.au]<ref group="1st seen in" name="Equality Now and AUDRi 2024 briefing paper">https://equalitynow.org/resource/briefing-paper-deepfake-image-based-sexual-abuse-tech-facilitated-sexual-exploitation-and-the-law/</ref> regulates the non-consensual sharing or threatening to share sexual images. | |||
If the synthetic fake human-like images depict illegal and restricted online content, then the Online Content Scheme, as defined in the Online Safety Act 2021, may apply.<ref name="Equality Now and AUDRi 2024 briefing">https://equalitynow.org/resource/briefing-paper-deepfake-image-based-sexual-abuse-tech-facilitated-sexual-exploitation-and-the-law/</ref> | |||
[https://www.esafety.gov.au/ '''Office of the eSafety Commissioner''' at esafety.gov.au] is Australia's independent regulator for online safety. | |||
'''Links''' | |||
* [https://www.esafety.gov.au/newsroom/whats-on/online-safety-act '''''Learn about the Online Safety Act''''' at esafety.gov.au] | |||
* [https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/media-technology-communications/internet/online-safety/current-legislation '''''Key elements of the Online Safety Act 2021''''' at infrastructure.gov.au] | |||
* [https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_LEGislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r6680 '''Online Safety Bill 2021''' at aph.gov.au] | |||
* [https://foundationra.com/australia/ '''Revenge porn laws in Australia''' at foundationra.com] | |||
= Canada = | = Canada = | ||
[[File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|thumb|right|200px|House of Commons of Canada was contemplating banning distribution of all pornography for which there are no consent declarations and proof-of-age for the people depicted.]] | [[File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|thumb|right|200px|House of Commons of Canada was contemplating banning distribution of all pornography for which there are no consent declarations and proof-of-age for the people depicted.]] | ||
| Line 205: | Line 225: | ||
[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|right|200px|The EU must address the malicious uses of AI in the law it is planning to regulate AI.]] | [[File:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|right|200px|The EU must address the malicious uses of AI in the law it is planning to regulate AI.]] | ||
== Laws in the EU == | == Laws in the EU == | ||
=== Artificial Intelligence Act === | |||
The European Union has a law on AI called '''[[w:Artificial Intelligence Act]]'''. The European Commission proposed the AI Act in 2021. On Wednesday 2024-03-13 the MEPs adopted this law.<ref> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law | |||
| title = Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law | |||
| last = | |||
| first = | |||
| date = 2024-03-13 | |||
| website = europarl.europa.eu | |||
| publisher = [[w:European Parliament]] | |||
| access-date = 2024-03-22 | |||
| quote = The regulation, agreed in negotiations with member states in December 2023, was endorsed by MEPs with 523 votes in favour, 46 against and 49 abstentions. | |||
}} | |||
</ref> The AI Act will have a key role in the effective implementation of upcoming EU [[#Directive on combating violence against women and domestic violence|Directive on combating violence against women and domestic violence]] and [[#Regulation to Prevent and Combat Child Sexual Abuse|Regulation to Prevent and Combat Child Sexual Abuse]] that intend to protect us against synthetic pornography. | |||
* European '''Artificial Intelligence Act''' has been approved by the member countries and is on track to be approved by April 2024.<ref>https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-artificial-intelligence-act-ai-technology-risk-rules/</ref> Read [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206 Proposal for a '''''REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION LEGISLATIVE ACTS''''' at eur-lex.europa.eu]<ref group="1st seen in">https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/the-act/ via https://futureoflife.org/ newsletter</ref> (also contains translations) | |||
* [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-europe-fit-for-the-digital-age/file-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence '''''Artificial intelligence act''''' in the Legislative Train Schedule at europarl.europa.eu] | |||
* [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law '''''Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law''''' at europarl.europa.eu], a press announcement on the adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Act on Wednesday 2024-03-13. | |||
'''Studies and information''' | |||
* [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/en/document/EPRS_STU(2021)690039 '''''Tackling deepfakes in European policy''''' at europarl.europa.eu], a 2021 study by the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology and published by the [[w:European Parliamentary Research Service]]. [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/690039/EPRS_STU(2021)690039_EN.pdf View .pdf at europarl.europa.eu] | |||
* [https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ '''''The EU Artificial Intelligence Act''''' at artificialintelligenceact.eu] is a website promising ''Up-to-date developments and analyses of the EU AI Act'' on the new EU law by the [https://futureoflife.org/ Future of Life Institute], an American non-profit NGO. | |||
'''Reporting''' | |||
* [https://www.euractiv.com/section/artificial-intelligence/opinion/the-ai-act-vs-deepfakes-a-step-forward-but-is-it-enough/ '''''The AI Act vs. deepfakes: A step forward, but is it enough?''''' at euractiv.com], 2024-02-26 opinion piece by Cristina Vanberghen | |||
=== Digital Services Act === | === Digital Services Act === | ||
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package '''The Digital Services Act''' package at digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu] [[w:Digital Services Act]] (DSA) came into force in November 2022.<ref>https://www.responsible.ai/post/a-look-at-global-deepfake-regulation-approaches</ref> | [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package '''The Digital Services Act''' package at digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu] [[w:Digital Services Act]] (DSA) came into force in November 2022.<ref>https://www.responsible.ai/post/a-look-at-global-deepfake-regulation-approaches</ref> | ||
| Line 240: | Line 292: | ||
'''Reporting''' | '''Reporting''' | ||
* [https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/02/06/new-eu-rules-will-criminalise-paedophilia-handbooks-and-deepfakes-of-child-abuse '''''New EU rules will criminalise 'paedophilia handbooks' and deepfakes of child abuse''''' at euronews.com], 2024-02-06 reporting | * [https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/02/06/new-eu-rules-will-criminalise-paedophilia-handbooks-and-deepfakes-of-child-abuse '''''New EU rules will criminalise 'paedophilia handbooks' and deepfakes of child abuse''''' at euronews.com], 2024-02-06 reporting | ||
== Code of practice on Disinformation 2022 == | == Code of practice on Disinformation 2022 == | ||
| Line 280: | Line 300: | ||
[[File:Suomen lippu valokuva.png|thumb|right|alt=An image of a Finnish flag|thumb|255px|Finland strongly criminalized synthetic sexual pictures depicting children in 2011, upon the initiative of the [[w:Vanhanen II Cabinet]]]] | [[File:Suomen lippu valokuva.png|thumb|right|alt=An image of a Finnish flag|thumb|255px|Finland strongly criminalized synthetic sexual pictures depicting children in 2011, upon the initiative of the [[w:Vanhanen II Cabinet]]]] | ||
== Laws in Finland == | == Laws in Finland == | ||
[[File:Flag_of_Finland.svg|link=Suomen seksuaalirikoslaki 2023|25px]] Suomeksi / in Finnish [[Suomen seksuaalirikoslaki 2023]] | |||
=== Law on sexual offences in Finland 2023 === | === Law on sexual offences in Finland 2023 === | ||
{{#lst:Law on sexual offences in Finland 2023|what-is-it}} | {{#lst:Law on sexual offences in Finland 2023|what-is-it}} | ||
| Line 301: | Line 324: | ||
'''[[w:Information Technology Act, 2000]]''' | '''[[w:Information Technology Act, 2000]]''' | ||
* Section 66D. - '''Punishment for cheating by personation by using computer resource.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=80&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | * Section 66. - '''Computer related offences.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=76&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | ||
* Section 66E. - '''Punishment for violation of privacy.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=81#:~:text=Whoever%2C%20intentionally%20or%20knowingly%20captures,two%20lakh%20rupees%2C%20or%20with</ref> | ** Section 66A. - Omitted. Would have been ''Punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service, etc.'' | ||
* Section 66F. - | ** Section 66B. - Punishment for dishonestly receiving stolen computer resource or communication device. | ||
** Section 66C. - '''Punishment for identity theft.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=79&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | |||
** Section 66D. - '''Punishment for cheating by personation by using computer resource.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=80&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | |||
** Section 66E. - '''Punishment for violation of privacy.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=81#:~:text=Whoever%2C%20intentionally%20or%20knowingly%20captures,two%20lakh%20rupees%2C%20or%20with</ref> | |||
** Section 66F. - Punishment for cyber terrorism. | |||
* Section 67. - '''Punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=83&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | * Section 67. - '''Punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=83&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | ||
* Section 67A. - '''Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material containing sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=84&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | ** Section 67A. - '''Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material containing sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=84&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | ||
* Section 67B. - '''Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material depicting children in sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=85&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | ** Section 67B. - '''Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material depicting children in sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form.'''<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=null&statehandle=null&actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=85&orgactid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077</ref> | ||
** Section 67C. - Preservation and retention of information by intermediaries. | |||
| Line 347: | Line 375: | ||
* [https://cybercert.in/indian-cyber-laws/ '''''Cyberlaw in India''''' at cybercert.in] provides a wider look into the Indian Cyber Laws | * [https://cybercert.in/indian-cyber-laws/ '''''Cyberlaw in India''''' at cybercert.in] provides a wider look into the Indian Cyber Laws | ||
---- | |||
= New Zealand = | |||
[[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|thumb|right|200px|New Zealand]] | |||
* [https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2015/0063/latest/whole.html ''''Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015'''' at legislation.govt.nz]<ref group="1st seen in" name="Equality Now and AUDRi 2024 briefing paper"/> criminalises intimate visual recordings and image-based sexual abuse. | |||
* '''[[w:Netsafe]]''' [https://netsafe.org.nz/ netsafe.org.nz] is an online safety non-profit organisation in New Zealand. It provides educational, anti-bullying and support services. The organisation is contracted under the [[w:Harmful Digital Communications Act]] until 2026. (Wikipedia) | |||
* [https://www.cert.govt.nz/ '''CERT.govt.nz'''], the [[w:Computer emergency response team]] of New Zealand - "''Responding to cyber security threats in New Zealand - CERT NZ is your first port of call when you need to report a cyber security problem.''" | |||
* The '''[[w:Department of Internal Affairs]]''' investigates the possession of, and trading in, child exploitation material.<ref>https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/cybercrime-and-internet/online-child-safety</ref> | |||
'''Links regarding the Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015''' | |||
* [https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/cybercrime-and-internet/harmful-digital-communications-hdc ''''Harmful Digital Communications (HDC)'''' at police.govt.nz] by the [[w:New Zealand Police]] | |||
* [https://www.justice.govt.nz/courts/civil/harmful-digital-communications/ ''''Harmful digital communications'''' at justice.govt.nz] by the [[w:Ministry of Justice (New Zealand)]] | |||
* [https://netsafe.org.nz/what-is-the-hdca/ '''''What is the HDCA?''''' at netsafe.org.nz] by [[w:Netsafe]], the agency approved by the [[w:New Zealand Police]] to process complaints about harmful digital communications. | |||
* See Wikipedia article on '''[[w:Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015]]''' for more info | |||
---- | ---- | ||
| Line 399: | Line 444: | ||
[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|right|200px|The UK has improved its legislation.]] | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|right|200px|The UK has improved its legislation.]] | ||
=== Anti-CSAM measures 2025 === | |||
On Saturday 2025-02-01 Home Secretary Yvette Cooper announced that the UK will be the 1st country in the world to<ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/news/britains-leading-the-way-protecting-children-from-online-predators</ref> | |||
* "''make it illegal to possess, create or distribute AI tools designed to generate child sexual abuse material (CSAM), punishable by up to 5 years in prison''" | |||
* "''make it illegal for anyone to possess AI ‘paedophile manuals’ which teach people how to use AI to sexually abuse children, punishable by up to 3 years in prison''" | |||
Also a law to | |||
* "''introduce a specific offence for predators who run websites designed for other paedophiles to share vile child sexual abuse content or advice on how to groom children, punishable by up to 10 years in prison''" | |||
Additional powers will be given to the Border Force | |||
* "''give Border Force the necessary powers to keep the UK safe and prevent the distribution of CSAM which is often filmed abroad by allowing officers to compel an individual who they reasonably suspect poses a sexual risk to children to unlock their digital devices for inspection, punishable by up to 3 years in prison, depending on the severity''" | |||
Official | |||
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/news/britains-leading-the-way-protecting-children-from-online-predators '''''Britain's leading the way protecting children from online predators ''''' at gov.uk] - ''UK becomes the first country in the world to create new AI sexual abuse offences to protect children from predators generating AI images. '' | |||
Reporting | |||
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8d90qe4nylo '''''AI-generated child sex abuse images targeted with new laws''''' at bbc.com] | |||
* [https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/02/uk/britain-criminalizes-ai-child-sex-abuse-intl-hnk/index.html '''''UK to target AI child sex abuse tools in world first legal crackdown''''' at edition.cnn.com] | |||
* [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/2/uk-to-become-first-country-to-criminalise-ai-child-abuse-tools '''''UK to become first country to criminalise AI child abuse tools''''' at aljazeera.com] | |||
* [https://www.voanews.com/a/uk-to-become-1st-country-to-criminalize-ai-child-abuse-tools/7959851.html '''''UK to become 1st country to criminalize AI child abuse tools''''' at voanews.com] | |||
=== Creating sexually explicit deepfake images to be made offence in the UK 2024 === | |||
On Tuesday 2024-04-16 the UK announced that '''creating sexually explicit deepfake images to be made offence in UK'''.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/apr/16/creating-sexually-explicit-deepfake-images-to-be-made-offence-in-uk '''''creating sexually explicit deepfake images to be made offence in UK''''' at theguardian.com]</ref> This is a very good move and next logical step would be the prohibition of non-consensually possessing other people's appearance models and voice models, as suggested in [[#Law proposals against synthetic filth by Juho Kunsola|Law proposals against synthetic filth by Juho Kunsola]]. There is really no logical reason to allow criminal leagues to legally possess and trade their libraries of models without this acquisition through covert modeling or trading and possession of raw materials (covert models) to produce the disinformation weapons being illegal. | On Tuesday 2024-04-16 the UK announced that '''creating sexually explicit deepfake images to be made offence in UK'''.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/apr/16/creating-sexually-explicit-deepfake-images-to-be-made-offence-in-uk '''''creating sexually explicit deepfake images to be made offence in UK''''' at theguardian.com]</ref> This is a very good move and next logical step would be the prohibition of non-consensually possessing other people's appearance models and voice models, as suggested in [[#Law proposals against synthetic filth by Juho Kunsola|Law proposals against synthetic filth by Juho Kunsola]]. There is really no logical reason to allow criminal leagues to legally possess and trade their libraries of models without this acquisition through covert modeling or trading and possession of raw materials (covert models) to produce the disinformation weapons being illegal. | ||
Reporting | |||
* [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/apr/16/creating-sexually-explicit-deepfake-images-to-be-made-offence-in-uk '''''Creating sexually explicit deepfake images to be made offence in UK''''' at theguardian.com] | * [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/apr/16/creating-sexually-explicit-deepfake-images-to-be-made-offence-in-uk '''''Creating sexually explicit deepfake images to be made offence in UK''''' at theguardian.com] | ||
| Line 482: | Line 550: | ||
* {{#lst:{{ARTICLEPAGENAME}}|criminaldefenselawyer.com 2024}} | * {{#lst:{{ARTICLEPAGENAME}}|criminaldefenselawyer.com 2024}} | ||
* {{#lst:{{ARTICLEPAGENAME}}|Foundation RA deepfake AI laws for USA}} | |||
{{#lst:Organizations, studies and events against synthetic human-like fakes|cybercivilrights.org law compilations}} | {{#lst:Organizations, studies and events against synthetic human-like fakes|cybercivilrights.org law compilations}} | ||