Editing Laws against synthesis and other related crimes
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This article contains some current laws against abusive uses of synthetic human-like fakes and also information what kind of laws are being prepared and two SSFWIKI original law proposals, [[#Law proposal to ban visual synthetic filth|one against digital look-alikes]] and [[#Law proposal to ban unauthorized modeling of human voice|one against digital sound-alikes]]. | This article contains some current laws against abusive uses of synthetic human-like fakes and also information what kind of laws are being prepared and two SSFWIKI original law proposals, [[#Law proposal to ban visual synthetic filth|one against digital look-alikes]] and [[#Law proposal to ban unauthorized modeling of human voice|one against digital sound-alikes]]. | ||
New bills are currently in the works in | New bills are currently in the works in | ||
* | * China | ||
* New York State | |||
* The EU | |||
* | |||
* | |||
= USA = | = USA = | ||
== Law against synthesis crimes in Virginia 2019 == | == Law against synthesis crimes in Virginia 2019 == | ||
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The [https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-386.2/ section '''§ 18.2-386.2. Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty.''' of Virginia] is as follows: | The [https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-386.2/ section '''§ 18.2-386.2. Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty.''' of Virginia] is as follows: | ||
'''A'''. ''Any [[w:person]] who, with the [[w:Intention (criminal law)|w:intent]] to [[w:coercion|w:coerce]], [[w:harassment|w:harass]], or [[w:intimidation|w:intimidate]], [[w:Malice_(law)|w:malicious]]ly [[w:dissemination|w:disseminates]] or [[w:sales|w:sells]] any videographic or still image created by any means whatsoever that [[w:Depiction|w:depicts]] another person who is totally [[w:nudity|w:nude]], or in a state of undress so as to expose the [[w:sex organs|w:genitals]], pubic area, [[w:buttocks]], or female [[w:breast]], where such person knows or has reason to know that he is not [[w:license]]d or [[w:authorization|w:authorized]] to disseminate or sell such [[w:Video|w:videographic]] or [[w:Film still|w:still image]] is [[w:Guilt (law)|w:guilty]] of a Class 1 [[w:Misdemeanor#United States|w:misdemeanor]]. '' | '''A'''. ''Any [[w:person]] who, with the [[w:Intention (criminal law)|w:intent]] to [[w:coercion|w:coerce]], [[w:harassment|w:harass]], or [[w:intimidation|w:intimidate]], [[w:Malice_(law)|w:malicious]]ly [[w:dissemination|w:disseminates]] or [[w:sales|w:sells]] any videographic or still image created by any means whatsoever that [[w:Depiction|w:depicts]] another person who is totally [[w:nudity|w:nude]], or in a state of undress so as to expose the [[w:sex organs|w:genitals]], pubic area, [[w:buttocks]], or female [[w:breast]], where such person knows or has reason to know that he is not [[w:license]]d or [[w:authorization|w:authorized]] to disseminate or sell such [[w:Video|w:videographic]] or [[w:Film still|w:still image]] is [[w:Guilt (law)|w:guilty]] of a Class 1 [[w:Misdemeanor#United States|w:misdemeanor]]. '' | ||
::For purposes of this subsection, "another person" includes a person whose image was used in creating, adapting, or modifying a videographic or still image with the intent to depict an actual person and who is recognizable as an actual person by the person's [[w:face]], [[w:Simulacrum|w:likeness]], or other distinguishing characteristic.'' | ::For purposes of this subsection, "another person" includes a person whose image was used in creating, adapting, or modifying a videographic or still image with the intent to depict an actual person and who is recognizable as an actual person by the person's [[w:face]], [[w:Simulacrum|w:likeness]], or other distinguishing characteristic.'' | ||
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The identical bills were [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2678 House Bill 2678] presented by [[w:Delegate (American politics)|w:Delegate]] [[w:Marcus Simon]] to the [[w:Virginia House of Delegates]] on January 14 2019 and three day later an identical [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+SB1736 Senate bill 1736] was introduced to the [[w:Senate of Virginia]] by Senator [[w:Adam Ebbin]]. | The identical bills were [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2678 House Bill 2678] presented by [[w:Delegate (American politics)|w:Delegate]] [[w:Marcus Simon]] to the [[w:Virginia House of Delegates]] on January 14 2019 and three day later an identical [https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+SB1736 Senate bill 1736] was introduced to the [[w:Senate of Virginia]] by Senator [[w:Adam Ebbin]]. | ||
<section end=Virginia2019 /> | <section end=Virginia2019 /> | ||
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The text of '''S.B. No. 751''' is as follows | The text of '''S.B. No. 751''' is as follows | ||
'''''AN ACT relating to the creation of a criminal offense for fabricating a deceptive video with intent to influence the outcome of an election.''''' | '''''AN ACT relating to the creation of a criminal offense for fabricating a deceptive video with intent to influence the outcome of an election.''''' | ||
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* ('''e''') ''In this section, "deep fake video" means a video, created with the '''intent to deceive''', that '''appears to depict''' a real person performing an action that '''did not occur''' in '''reality'''.'' | * ('''e''') ''In this section, "deep fake video" means a video, created with the '''intent to deceive''', that '''appears to depict''' a real person performing an action that '''did not occur''' in '''reality'''.'' | ||
SECTION 2. ''This Act takes effect September 1, 2019.'' | SECTION 2. ''This Act takes effect September 1, 2019.'' | ||
---- | ---- | ||
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Existing law creates a private [[w:Cause of action|w:right of action]] against a person who intentionally distributes a photograph or recorded image of another that exposes the intimate body parts of that person or of a person engaged in a sexual act '''without the person’s consent''' if specified conditions are met. | Existing law creates a private [[w:Cause of action|w:right of action]] against a person who intentionally distributes a photograph or recorded image of another that exposes the intimate body parts of that person or of a person engaged in a sexual act '''without the person’s consent''' if specified conditions are met. | ||
This bill would provide that a '''depicted individual''', as defined, has a '''[[w:cause of action]] against''' a person who | This bill would provide that a '''depicted individual''', as defined, has a '''[[w:cause of action]] against''' a person who either | ||
* (1) '''creates''' and intentionally discloses sexually explicit material if the person knows or reasonably should have known the '''depicted''' individual '''did not [[w:consent]]''' to its creation or disclosure or | * (1) '''creates''' and intentionally discloses sexually explicit material if the person knows or reasonably should have known the '''depicted''' individual '''did not [[w:consent]]''' to its creation or disclosure or | ||
* (2) who '''intentionally discloses''' sexually explicit material that the person did not create if the person knows the '''depicted''' individual '''did not consent''' to its creation. | * (2) who '''intentionally discloses''' sexually explicit material that the person did not create if the person knows the '''depicted''' individual '''did not consent''' to its creation. | ||
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'''The law is as follows''': | '''The law is as follows''': | ||
SECTION 1. Section 1708.86 is added to the [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codesTOCSelected.xhtml?tocCode=CIV&tocTitle=+Civil+Code+-+CIV Civil Code of California], to read: | SECTION 1. Section 1708.86 is added to the [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codesTOCSelected.xhtml?tocCode=CIV&tocTitle=+Civil+Code+-+CIV Civil Code of California], to read: | ||
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('''g''') The provisions of this section are severable. If any provision of this section or its application is held invalid, that invalidity shall not affect other provisions. | ('''g''') The provisions of this section are severable. If any provision of this section or its application is held invalid, that invalidity shall not affect other provisions. | ||
<ref name="CaliforniaStateLaw AB 602"> | <ref name="CaliforniaStateLaw AB 602"> | ||
{{Citation | {{Citation | ||
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'''The law is''' as of April 14, 2021<ref name="Georgia Code § 16-11-90 at findlaw.com" /> as follows: | '''The law is''' as of April 14, 2021<ref name="Georgia Code § 16-11-90 at findlaw.com" /> as follows: | ||
('''a''') As used in this Code section, the term: | ('''a''') As used in this Code section, the term: | ||
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('''f''') There shall be a rebuttable presumption that an information service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables computer access by multiple users to a computer server, including specifically a service or system that provides access to the Internet, for content provided by another person, does not know the content of an electronic transmission or post. | ('''f''') There shall be a rebuttable presumption that an information service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables computer access by multiple users to a computer server, including specifically a service or system that provides access to the Internet, for content provided by another person, does not know the content of an electronic transmission or post. | ||
('''g''') Any violation of this Code section shall constitute a separate offense and shall not merge with any other crimes set forth in this title. | ('''g''') Any violation of this Code section shall constitute a separate offense and shall not merge with any other crimes set forth in this title.<ref name="Georgia Code § 16-11-90 at findlaw.com"> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
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== Law against synthesis crimes in New York State in 2021 == | == Law against synthesis crimes in New York State in 2021 == | ||
=== New York State - CHAPTER 6 Civil Rights ARTICLE 5 Right of Privacy SECTION 52-C - Private right of action for unlawful dissemination or publication of a sexually explicit depiction of an individual === | === New York State - CHAPTER 6 Civil Rights ARTICLE 5 Right of Privacy SECTION 52-C - Private right of action for unlawful dissemination or publication of a sexually explicit depiction of an individual === | ||
[https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CONSOLIDATED '''Consolidated Laws of New York'''] / [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVR/-CH6 '''CHAPTER 6 Civil Rights'''] [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVR/A5 '''ARTICLE 5 Right of Privacy'''] / [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVR/52-C#:~:text=Section%2052%2DC%20Private%20right,explicit%20depiction%20of%20an%20individual '''SECTION 52-C''' - '''Private right of action for unlawful dissemination or publication of a sexually explicit depiction of an individual''']<ref group="1st seen in" name="CCRI US deepfake laws list" /> | [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CONSOLIDATED '''Consolidated Laws of New York'''] / [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVR/-CH6 '''CHAPTER 6 Civil Rights'''] [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVR/A5 '''ARTICLE 5 Right of Privacy'''] / [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVR/52-C#:~:text=Section%2052%2DC%20Private%20right,explicit%20depiction%20of%20an%20individual '''SECTION 52-C''' - '''Private right of action for unlawful dissemination or publication of a sexually explicit depiction of an individual''']<ref group="1st seen in" name="CCRI US deepfake laws list" /> | ||
'''The law is as follows:''' | '''The law is as follows:''' | ||
<big>'''§ 52-c''' - '''''Private right of action for unlawful dissemination or publication of a sexually explicit depiction of an individual.''''' </big><sup>Obs: There are 2 § 52-c's</sup> | <big>'''§ 52-c''' - '''''Private right of action for unlawful dissemination or publication of a sexually explicit depiction of an individual.''''' </big><sup>Obs: There are 2 § 52-c's</sup> | ||
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'''10.''' Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit, or to enlarge, the protections that 47 U.S.C. § 230 confers on an interactive | '''10.''' Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit, or to enlarge, the protections that 47 U.S.C. § 230 confers on an interactive | ||
computer service for content provided by another information content provider, as such terms are defined in 47 U.S.C. § 230. | computer service for content provided by another information content provider, as such terms are defined in 47 U.S.C. § 230.<ref name="New York State Civil Rights CHAPTER 6, ARTICLE 5, SECTION 52-C"> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
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</ref> | </ref> | ||
=== Bill against sending unsolicited nudes in New York Senate regular session 2021-2022 === | |||
[[File:Flag of New York (1909–2020).png|thumb|right|200px|[[w:New York State Legislature]] regular session 2021-2022 is contemplating the [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/S1641 New York senate bill '''S1641'''] and identical [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A6517 assembly bill '''A6517'''] to ban sending unsolicited pornography.]] | [[File:Flag of New York (1909–2020).png|thumb|right|200px|[[w:New York State Legislature]] regular session 2021-2022 is contemplating the [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/S1641 New York senate bill '''S1641'''] and identical [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A6517 assembly bill '''A6517'''] to ban sending unsolicited pornography.]] | ||
In the 2021-2022 [[w:New York State Senate]] regular sessions, on 2021-01-14 Senator [[w:James Skoufis]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/james-skoufis official website]) sponsored and Senators [[w:Brian Benjamin]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/brian-benjamin official website]) and [[w:Todd Kaminsky]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/todd-kaminsky official website)] of the New York State Senate co-sponsored [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/S1641 New York Senate bill '''S1641'''] to add section '''§ 250.70 ''UNLAWFUL ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION OF SEXUALLY EXPLICIT VISUAL MATERIAL''''' to the [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/P3TNA250 Article 250 of the penal law]. On 2021-03-19 an identical [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A6517 New York Assembly bill '''A6517''' - ''Establishes the crime of unlawful electronic transmission of sexually explicit visual material''] was introduced to the [[w:New York State Assembly]] by Assembly Member [[w:Aileen Gunther]] ([https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Aileen-M-Gunther official website]).<ref group="1st seen in"> | In the 2021-2022 [[w:New York State Senate]] regular sessions, on 2021-01-14 Senator [[w:James Skoufis]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/james-skoufis official website]) sponsored and Senators [[w:Brian Benjamin]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/brian-benjamin official website]) and [[w:Todd Kaminsky]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/todd-kaminsky official website)] of the New York State Senate co-sponsored [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/S1641 New York Senate bill '''S1641'''] to add section '''§ 250.70 ''UNLAWFUL ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION OF SEXUALLY EXPLICIT VISUAL MATERIAL''''' to the [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/P3TNA250 Article 250 of the penal law]. On 2021-03-19 an identical [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A6517 New York Assembly bill '''A6517''' - ''Establishes the crime of unlawful electronic transmission of sexually explicit visual material''] was introduced to the [[w:New York State Assembly]] by Assembly Member [[w:Aileen Gunther]] ([https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Aileen-M-Gunther official website]).<ref group="1st seen in"> | ||
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<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:Nopic.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Senator [[w:James Skoufis]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/james-skoufis official website]) sponsored [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/S1641 New York Senate bill '''S1641'''] to add section '''§ 250.70 ''UNLAWFUL ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION OF SEXUALLY EXPLICIT VISUAL MATERIAL''''' to the [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/P3TNA250 Article 250 of the penal law]. | File:Nopic.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Senator [[w:James Skoufis]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/james-skoufis official website]) sponsored [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/S1641 New York Senate bill '''S1641'''] to add section '''§ 250.70 ''UNLAWFUL ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION OF SEXUALLY EXPLICIT VISUAL MATERIAL''''' to the [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/P3TNA250 Article 250 of the penal law]. | ||
File: | File:BrianBenjaminFlag.jpg|thumb|260px|Senator [[w:Brian Benjamin]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/brian-benjamin official website]) is a cosponsor of S1641 | ||
File:Todd_Kaminsky_Head_Shot.jpg||thumb|260px|Senator [[w:Todd Kaminsky]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/todd-kaminsky official website)] is a cosponsor of S1641 | File:Todd_Kaminsky_Head_Shot.jpg||thumb|260px|Senator [[w:Todd Kaminsky]] ([https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/todd-kaminsky official website)] is a cosponsor of S1641 | ||
File:Aileen_Gunther.jpg|thumb|260px|NY Assembly Member [[w:Aileen Gunther]] ([https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Aileen-M-Gunther official website]) presented an identical [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A6517 New York Assembly bill '''A6517''' - ''Establishes the crime of unlawful electronic transmission of sexually explicit visual material''] to the [[w:New York State Assembly]] on 2021-03-19. | File:Aileen_Gunther.jpg|thumb|260px|NY Assembly Member [[w:Aileen Gunther]] ([https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Aileen-M-Gunther official website]) presented an identical [https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A6517 New York Assembly bill '''A6517''' - ''Establishes the crime of unlawful electronic transmission of sexually explicit visual material''] to the [[w:New York State Assembly]] on 2021-03-19. | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
=== | ---- | ||
The | |||
* [https:// | = EU = | ||
== EU Law on AI 20?? == | |||
[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|right|200px|The EU must address the malicious uses of AI in the law it is planning to regulate AI.]] | |||
The European Union is planning a law on AI | |||
* Read [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206 Proposal for a '''''REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION LEGISLATIVE ACTS''''' at eur-lex.europa.eu]<ref group="1st seen in">https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/the-act/ via https://futureoflife.org/ newsletter</ref> (also contains translations) | |||
* https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ is a website on the planned law by the [https://futureoflife.org/ Future of Life Institute], an American non-profit NGO. | |||
---- | |||
= UK = | |||
== The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Chapter 17, part 6 - Disclosure of private sexual photographs and films == | |||
'''[[w:Domestic Abuse Act 2021]]''' / [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2021/17/contents/enacted Chapter 17] / [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2021/17/part/6/enacted Part 6 - ''Offences involving abusive or violent behaviour''] / [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2021/17/part/6/crossheading/disclosure-of-private-sexual-photographs-and-films/enacted ''Disclosure of private sexual photographs and films'' - ''Threats to disclose private sexual photographs and films with intent to cause distress''] | |||
According to the UK-based [https://revengepornhelpline.org.uk/ '''Revenge Porn Helpline''' at revengepornhelpline.org.uk] article [https://revengepornhelpline.org.uk/information-and-advice/need-help-and-advice/threats-to-share-intimate-images/ '''''What to do if someone is threatening to share your intimate images'''''] threats to share intimate images with the intent to cause distress is now an offense in UK law. This is included within the '''[[w:Domestic Abuse Act 2021]]''' which was enacted into UK law on 29th June 2021.<ref>https://revengepornhelpline.org.uk/information-and-advice/need-help-and-advice/threats-to-share-intimate-images/</ref> | |||
We don't know quite yet if the bug has been fixed, that if the pictures <u>are not pictures of you</u>, but [[synthetic human-like fakes]] the police cannot do anything. | |||
</ref> | '''Links''' | ||
* [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2021/17/part/6/crossheading/disclosure-of-private-sexual-photographs-and-films/enacted '''Domestic Abuse Act 2021''' / '''Chapter 17''' / '''Part 6''' / '''''Disclosure of private sexual photographs and films''''' - '''''Threats to disclose private sexual photographs and films with intent to cause distress''''' at legislation.gov.uk] | |||
== Law against synthesis crimes in the UK 20?? == | |||
[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|right|200px|The UK needs to improve its legislation. Please [https://www.change.org/p/the-law-comission-tighten-regulation-on-taking-making-and-faking-explicit-images sign the petition initiated by Helen Mort] in late 2020.]] | |||
[[File:Helen Mort (2014).jpg|thumb|right|245px|[[w:Helen Mort]] is a British poet, novelist and activist against [[synthetic human-like fakes]]. Please sign the petition [https://www.change.org/p/the-law-comission-tighten-regulation-on-taking-making-and-faking-explicit-images ''''''Tighten regulation on taking, making and faking explicit images'''''' at Change.org] originated by her and to be delivered to the [[w:Law Commission (England and Wales)]] and the prime minister.]] | |||
The UK law does not seem very up-to-date on the issue of synthetic filth. | |||
The independent [[w:Law Commission (England and Wales)]] is currently reviewing the law as it applies to taking, making and sharing intimate images without consent. The outcome of the consultation is due to be published later in 2021.<ref name="BBC2021"> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55546372 | |||
|title = 'Deepfake porn images still give me nightmares' | |||
|last = Royle | |||
|first = Sara | |||
|date = 2021-01-05 | |||
|website = [[w:BBC Online]] | |||
|publisher = [[w:BBC]] | |||
|access-date = 2021-01-31 | |||
|quote = She alerted the police to the images but was told that no action could be taken. Dr Aislinn O'Connell, a lecturer in law at Royal Holloway University of London, explained that Helen's case fell outside the current law.}} | |||
</ref> | |||
"In 2019, law expert Dr Aislinn O’Connell told [[w:The Independent]] that our current laws on image sharing are piecemeal and not fit for purpose. In October 2018 The [[w:Women and Equalities Committee]] called on the UK Government to introduce new legislation on image-based sexual abuse in order to '''criminalise ALL''' non-consensual creation and distribution of intimate sexual images."<ref name="MortPetition2020"> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url = https://www.change.org/p/the-law-comission-tighten-regulation-on-taking-making-and-faking-explicit-images | |||
|title = Change.org petition: 'Tighten regulation on taking, making and faking explicit images' | |||
|last = Mort | |||
|first = Helen | |||
|date = 2020 | |||
|website = [[w:Change.org]] | |||
|publisher = [[w:Change.org]] | |||
|access-date = 2021-01-31 | |||
|quote = Unlike other forms of revenge porn, creating pictures or videos like this is not yet illegal in the UK, though it is in some places in the US. The police were unable to help me.}} | |||
</ref> This call is for similar laws as California put in place on January 1 2020. | |||
The petition [https://www.change.org/p/the-law-comission-tighten-regulation-on-taking-making-and-faking-explicit-images ''''''Tighten regulation on taking, making and faking explicit images'''''' at Change.org] by [[w:Helen Mort]] aims to petition the UK govt for proper legislation against synthetic filth. See the [[mediatheque]] for a video by Helen Mort on her ordeal of becoming the victim of covert disinformation attacks. | |||
{{#lst:Mediatheque|HelenMort2020}} | |||
= South Africa = | |||
[[File:Flag of the Republic of South Africa.svg|thumb|right|200px|[https://www.gov.za/documents/cybercrimes-act-19-2020-1-jun-2021-0000 South Africa's relatively new Cybercrimes Act (Cybercrimes Act 19 of 2020)] has been enacted only partially on Dec 1 2021]] | |||
== Cybercrimes Act 19 of 2020 == | |||
[https://www.gov.za/documents/cybercrimes-act-19-2020-1-jun-2021-0000 '''South-Africa Cybercrimes Act 19 of 2020''' (English / Afrikaans) at gov.za]<ref group="1st seen in">https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-01-not-all-of-the-cogs-in-the-cybercrimes-act-machine-are-turning-at-once-we-still-remain-vulnerable/</ref> came only partially into effect on Wednesday 2021-12-01.<ref>https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-01-not-all-of-the-cogs-in-the-cybercrimes-act-machine-are-turning-at-once-we-still-remain-vulnerable/</ref> | |||
'''Links''' | |||
* [https://cybercrimesact.co.za/ '''Cybercrimes Act''' at cybercrimesact.co.za] by Accessible Law contains the law in website format | |||
'''Reporting''' | |||
* [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-01-not-all-of-the-cogs-in-the-cybercrimes-act-machine-are-turning-at-once-we-still-remain-vulnerable/ '''''Not all of the cogs in the Cybercrimes Act machine are turning at once — we still remain vulnerable''''' at dailymaverick.co.za] | |||
---- | ---- | ||
= China = | |||
== Law against synthesis crimes in China 2020 == | |||
[[File:Flag of China.png|thumb|right|200px|China passed a law requiring faked footage to be labeled as such]] | |||
<section begin=China2020 />On January 1 2020 Chinese law requiring that synthetically faked footage should bear a clear notice about its fakeness came into effect. Failure to comply could be considered a [[w:crime]] the [[w:Cyberspace Administration of China]] ([http://www.cac.gov.cn/ cac.gov.cn]) stated on its website. China announced this new law in November 2019.<ref name="Reuters2019"> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-technology/china-seeks-to-root-out-fake-news-and-deepfakes-with-new-online-content-rules-idUSKBN1Y30VU | |||
| title = China seeks to root out fake news and deepfakes with new online content rules | |||
| last = | |||
| first = | |||
| date = 2019-11-29 | |||
| website = [[w:Reuters.com]] | |||
| publisher = [[w:Reuters]] | |||
| access-date = 2021-01-23 | |||
| quote = }} | |||
</ref> The Chinese government seems to be reserving the right to prosecute both users and [[w:online video platform]]s failing to abide by the rules. <ref name="TheVerge2019"> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/29/20988363/china-deepfakes-ban-internet-rules-fake-news-disclosure-virtual-reality | |||
| title = China makes it a criminal offense to publish deepfakes or fake news without disclosure | |||
| last = Statt | |||
| first = Nick | |||
| date = 2019-11-29 | |||
| website = | |||
| publisher = [[w:The Verge]] | |||
| access-date = 2021-01-23 | |||
| quote = }} | |||
</ref> | |||
<section end=China2020 /> | |||
== Draft bill against synthesis crimes China 2022 == | |||
The '''[[w:Cyberspace Administration of China]]''' has a new draft bill in 2022 called [https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/deep-synthesis-draft/ '''''Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis Internet Information Services''''' (Draft for solicitation of comments) at chinalawtranslate.com] or [http://www.cac.gov.cn/2022-01/28/c_1644970458520968.htm view the Chinese language draft '''''国家互联网信息办公室关于《互联网信息服务深度合成管理规定(征求意见稿)》公开征求意见的通知''''' at cac.gov.cn]<ref group="1st seen in">'''Politico AI: Decoded''' mailing list Wednesday 2022-02-02</ref> | |||
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* [https://ssri.duke.edu/news/don%E2%80%99t-believe-your-eyes-or-ears-weaponization-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-and ''''''Don’t Believe Your Eyes (or Ears): The Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deepfakes'''''' at ssri.duke.edu], an October 2019 news article by Joe Littell, published by the Social Science Research Institute at the [[w:Duke University]] | * [https://ssri.duke.edu/news/don%E2%80%99t-believe-your-eyes-or-ears-weaponization-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-and ''''''Don’t Believe Your Eyes (or Ears): The Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deepfakes'''''' at ssri.duke.edu], an October 2019 news article by Joe Littell, published by the Social Science Research Institute at the [[w:Duke University]] | ||
* [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dltr/vol17/iss1/4/ ''''''Deepfakes: False Pornography Is Here and the Law Cannot Protect You'''''' at scholarship.law.duke.edu], published in 2019 in the [[w:Duke Law Journal|Duke Law Journal]], a student-run law review. | * [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dltr/vol17/iss1/4/ ''''''Deepfakes: False Pornography Is Here and the Law Cannot Protect You'''''' at scholarship.law.duke.edu], published in 2019 in the [[w:Duke Law Journal|Duke Law Journal]], a student-run law review. | ||
== The countries that have unfortunately banned full face veil == | == The countries that have unfortunately banned full face veil == | ||
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= References = | = References = | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||