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When the '''[[Glossary#No camera|camera does not exist]]''', but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''digital look-alike'''.
<section begin=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />
 
When the '''[[Glossary#No camera|camera does not exist]]''', but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''[[#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alike]]'''.
When it cannot be determined by human testing whether some fake voice is a synthetic fake of some person's voice, or is it an actual recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a '''digital sound-alike'''.  


When it cannot be determined by human testing or media forensics whether some fake voice is a synthetic fake of some person's voice, or is it an actual recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a pre-recorded '''[[#Digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alike]]'''.
<section end=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />


[[File:BlV1999-morphable-model-till-match-low-res-rip.png|thumb|left|460px|Image 2 (low resolution rip)  
[[File:BlV1999-morphable-model-till-match-low-res-rip.png|thumb|left|460px|Image 2 (low resolution rip)  
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<small>Image 2 by Blanz and Vettel – Copyright ACM 1999 – http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311535.311556 – Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.</small>]]
<small>Image 2 by Blanz and Vettel – Copyright ACM 1999 – http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311535.311556 – Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.</small>]]


[[File:Saint John on Patmos.jpg|thumb|right|360px|See <big>'''[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation]]'''</big> to see the advance warning for our time that we were given in 6th century BC and then again in 1st century.
[[File:Saint John on Patmos.jpg|thumb|right|360px|link=Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation|See <big>'''[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation]]'''</big> to see the advance warning for our time that we were given in 6th century BC and then again in 1st century.
<br/><br/>
<br/><br/>
'Saint John on Patmos' pictures [[w:John of Patmos]] on [[w:Patmos]] writing down the visions to make the [[w:Book of Revelation]]. Picture from folio 17 of the [[w:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]] (1412-1416) by the [[w:Limbourg brothers]]. Currently located at the [[w:Musée Condé]] 40km north of Paris, France.]]
'Saint John on Patmos' pictures [[w:John of Patmos]] on [[w:Patmos]] writing down the visions to make the [[w:Book of Revelation]]. Picture from folio 17 of the [[w:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]] (1412-1416) by the [[w:Limbourg brothers]]. Currently located at the [[w:Musée Condé]] 40km north of Paris, France.]]
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== Digital look-alikes ==
== Digital look-alikes ==


{{#ev:youtube|LWLadJFI8Pk|640px|right|It is recommended that you watch ''In Event of Moon Disaster - FULL FILM'' (2020) at the '''[https://moondisaster.org/ moondisaster.org''' project website] (where it has interactive portions) by the [https://virtuality.mit.edu/ Center for Advanced Virtuality] of the [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|w:MIT]]}}
{{#ev:youtube|LWLadJFI8Pk|400px|right|It is recommended that you watch ''In Event of Moon Disaster - FULL FILM'' (2020) at the '''[https://moondisaster.org/ moondisaster.org''' project website] (where it has interactive portions) by the [https://virtuality.mit.edu/ Center for Advanced Virtuality] of the [[w:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|w:MIT]]}}




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These industrially produced pornographic delusions are causing great humane suffering, especially in their direct victims, but they are also tearing our communities and societies apart, sowing blind rage, perceptions of deepening chaos, feelings of powerlessness and provoke violence. This '''hate illustration''' increases and strengthens hate thinking, hate speech, hate crimes and tears our fragile social constructions apart and with time perverts humankind's view of humankind into an almost unrecognizable shape, unless we interfere with resolve.
These industrially produced pornographic delusions are causing great humane suffering, especially in their direct victims, but they are also tearing our communities and societies apart, sowing blind rage, perceptions of deepening chaos, feelings of powerlessness and provoke violence. This '''hate illustration''' increases and strengthens hate thinking, hate speech, hate crimes and tears our fragile social constructions apart and with time perverts humankind's view of humankind into an almost unrecognizable shape, unless we interfere with resolve.
For these reasons the bannable '''raw materials''' i.e. covert models, needed to produce this disinformation terror on the information-industrial production pipelines, '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|should be prohibited by law]]''' in order to protect humans from arbitrary abuse by criminal parties.


=== List of possible naked digital look-alike attacks ===
=== List of possible naked digital look-alike attacks ===
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* "''Unconscious and injected''"-attack (Digital look-alike gets "disease")
* "''Unconscious and injected''"-attack (Digital look-alike gets "disease")


=== Limits of digital look-alikes ===
=== Age analysis and rejuvenating and aging syntheses ===
 
*  [https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.03750 ''''''An Overview of Two Age Synthesis and Estimation Techniques'''''' at arxiv.org] [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.03750.pdf (.pdf)], submitted for review on 2020-01-26
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925231220309942 ''''''Dual Reference Age Synthesis'''''' at sciencedirect.com] [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.02671.pdf (preprint at arxiv.org)] published on 2020-10-21 in [[w:Neurocomputing (journal)]]
* [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6084154 ''''''A simple automatic facial aging/rejuvenating synthesis method'''''' at ieeexplore.ieee.org] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220755281_Automatic_Facial_AgingRejuvenating_Synthesis_Method read free at researchgate.net], published at the proceedings  of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
* [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5406526 ''''''Age Synthesis and Estimation via Faces: A Survey'''''' at ieeexplore.ieee.org] (paywall) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46288561_Age_Synthesis_and_Estimation_via_Faces_A_Survey at researchgate.net] published November 2010
 
=== Temporal limit of digital look-alikes ===
[[File:Institut Lumière - CINEMATOGRAPHE Camera.jpg|thumb|left|120px|A picture of the 1895 [[w:Cinematograph]]]]
 
[[w:History of film technology]] has information about where the border is.
 
Digital look-alikes cannot be used to attack people who existed before the technological invention of film. For moving pictures the breakthrough is attributed to [[w:Auguste and Louis Lumière]]'s [[w:Cinematograph]] premiered in Paris on 28 December '''1895''', though this was only the commercial and popular breakthrough, as even earlier moving pictures exist. (adapted from [[w:History of film]])
 
The '''[[w:Kinetoscope]]''' is an even earlier motion picture exhibition device. A prototype for the Kinetoscope was shown to a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs on May 20, 1891.<ref name="memory.loc.gov">
 
{{cite web
|publisher=[[w:Library of Congress]]
|website=Memory.loc.gov
|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist.html
|title=Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies
|access-date=2020-12-09
}}
 
</ref> The first public demonstration of the Kinetoscope was held at the [[w:Brooklyn Museum|Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]] on '''May 9''', '''1893'''. ([[w:Kinetoscope|Wikipedia]])<ref name="memory.loc.gov"/>


Digital look-alikes cannot be used to attack people who existed before the technological invention of film. For moving pictures the breakthrough is attributed to [[w:Auguste and Louis Lumière]]'s [[w:Cinematograph]] premiered in Paris on 28 December 1895, though this was only the commercial and popular breakthrough, as even earlier moving pictures exist. (adapted from [[w:History of film]])


[[w:History of film technology]] has more precise information about where the border is.
----
----


== Digital sound-alikes ==
== Digital sound-alikes ==
[[File:Helsingin-Sanomat-2012-David-Martin-Howard-of-University-of-York-on-apporaching-digital-sound-alikes.jpg|right|thumb|338px|A picture of a cut-away titled "''Voice-terrorist could mimic a leader''" from a 2012 [[w:Helsingin Sanomat]] warning that the sound-like-anyone machines are approaching. Thank you to homie [https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/david-martin-howard(ecfa9e9e-1290-464f-981a-0c70a534609e).html Prof. David Martin Howard] of the [[w:University of York]], UK and the anonymous editor for the heads-up.]]


Living people can defend<ref group="footnote" name="judiciary maybe not aware">Whether a suspect can defend against faked synthetic speech that sounds like him/her depends on how up-to-date the judiciary is. If no information and instructions about digital sound-alikes have been given to the judiciary, they likely will not believe the defense of denying that the recording is of the suspect's voice.</ref> themselves against digital sound-alike by denying the things the digital sound-alike says if they are presented to the target, but dead people cannot. Digital sound-alikes offer criminals new disinformation attack vectors and wreak havoc on provability.  
Living people can defend<ref group="footnote" name="judiciary maybe not aware">Whether a suspect can defend against faked synthetic speech that sounds like him/her depends on how up-to-date the judiciary is. If no information and instructions about digital sound-alikes have been given to the judiciary, they likely will not believe the defense of denying that the recording is of the suspect's voice.</ref> themselves against digital sound-alike by denying the things the digital sound-alike says if they are presented to the target, but dead people cannot. Digital sound-alikes offer criminals new disinformation attack vectors and wreak havoc on provability.  


For these reasons the bannable '''raw materials''' i.e. covert voice models '''[[Law proposals to ban covert modeling|should be prohibited by law]]''' in order to protect humans from abuse by criminal parties.
=== Documented digital sound-alike attacks ===
* Sound like anyone technology found its way to the hands of criminals as in '''2019''' [[w:NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] researchers knew of 3 cases where technology has been used for '''[[w:crime]]'''
** [https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48908736 '''"Fake voices 'help cyber-crooks steal cash''''" at bbc.com] July 2019 reporting <ref name="BBC2019">
{{cite web
|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48908736
|title= Fake voices 'help cyber-crooks steal cash'
|last=
|first=
|date= 2019-07-08
|website= [[w:bbc.com]]
|publisher= [[w:BBC]]
|access-date= 2020-07-22
|quote= }}
</ref>
** [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/ '''"An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft"''' at washingtonpost.com] documents a [[w:fraud]] committed with digital sound-like-anyone-machine, July 2019 reporting.<ref name="WaPo2019">
{{cite web
|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/
|title= An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft
|last= Drew
|first= Harwell
|date= 2020-04-16
|website= [[w:washingtonpost.com]]
|publisher= [[w:Washington Post]]
|access-date= 2019-07-22
|quote= }}
</ref>
----
----


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* In the '''2018''' at the '''[[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]]''' (NeurIPS) the work [http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7700-transfer-learning-from-speaker-verification-to-multispeaker-text-to-speech-synthesis 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis'] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04558 at arXiv.org]) was presented. The pre-trained model is able to steal voices from a sample of only '''5 seconds''' with almost convincing results
* In the '''2018''' at the '''[[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]]''' (NeurIPS) the work [http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7700-transfer-learning-from-speaker-verification-to-multispeaker-text-to-speech-synthesis 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis'] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04558 at arXiv.org]) was presented. The pre-trained model is able to steal voices from a sample of only '''5 seconds''' with almost convincing results
The Iframe below is transcluded from [https://google.github.io/tacotron/publications/speaker_adaptation/ 'Audio samples from "Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis"' at google.gituhub.io], the audio samples of a sound-like-anyone machine presented as at the 2018 [[w:NeurIPS]] conference by Google researchers.


Observe how good the "VCTK p240" system is at deceiving to think that it is a person that is doing the talking.
Observe how good the "VCTK p240" system is at deceiving to think that it is a person that is doing the talking.
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{{#Widget:Iframe - Audio samples from Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis by Google Research}}
{{#Widget:Iframe - Audio samples from Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis by Google Research}}


[[File:Helsingin-Sanomat-2012-David-Martin-Howard-of-University-of-York-on-apporaching-digital-sound-alikes.jpg|left|thumb|338px|A picture of a cut-away titled "''Voice-terrorist could mimic a leader''" from a 2012 [[w:Helsingin Sanomat]] warning that the sound-like-anyone machines are approaching. Thank you to homie [https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/david-martin-howard(ecfa9e9e-1290-464f-981a-0c70a534609e).html Prof. David Martin Howard] of the [[w:University of York]], UK and the anonymous editor for the heads-up.]]
The Iframe above is transcluded from [https://google.github.io/tacotron/publications/speaker_adaptation/ 'Audio samples from "Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis"' at google.gituhub.io], the audio samples of a sound-like-anyone machine presented as at the 2018 [[w:NeurIPS]] conference by Google researchers.
 
=== Digital sing-alikes ===
The to the right [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sR1rU3gLzQ video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' at YouTube] describes the voice thieving machine presented by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|w:NeurIPS]] 2018.
{{#ev:youtube|0sR1rU3gLzQ|640px|right|Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sR1rU3gLzQ video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' at YouTube] describes the voice thieving machine by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|w:NeurIPS]] 2018.}}
 
As of 2020 the digital sing-alikes may not yet be here, but when we hear a faked singing voice and we cannot hear that it is fake, then we will know. An ability to sing does not seem to add much hostile capabilities compared to the ability to thieve spoken word.
 
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.11690 ''''''Fast and High-Quality Singing Voice Synthesis System based on Convolutional Neural Networks'''''' at arxiv.org], a 2019 singing voice synthesis technique using [[w:convolutional neural network|w:convolutional neural networks (CNN)]]. Accepted into the 2020 [[w:International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing|International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)]].
* [http://compmus.ime.usp.br/sbcm/2019/papers/sbcm-2019-7.pdf ''''''State of art of real-time singing voice synthesis'''''' at compmus.ime.usp.br] presented at the 2019 [http://compmus.ime.usp.br/sbcm/2019/program/ 17th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Music]
* [http://theses.fr/2017PA066511 ''''''Synthesis and expressive transformation of singing voice'''''' at theses.fr] [https://www.theses.fr/2017PA066511.pdf as .pdf] a 2017 doctorate thesis by [http://theses.fr/227185943 Luc Ardaillon]
* [http://mtg.upf.edu/node/512 ''''''Synthesis of the Singing Voice by Performance Sampling and Spectral Models'''''' at mtg.upf.edu], a 2007 journal article in the [[w:IEEE Signal Processing Society]]'s Signal Processing Magazine
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4295714_Speech-to-Singing_Synthesis_Converting_Speaking_Voices_to_Singing_Voices_by_Controlling_Acoustic_Features_Unique_to_Singing_Voices ''''''Speech-to-Singing Synthesis: Converting Speaking Voices to Singing Voices by Controlling Acoustic Features Unique to Singing Voices'''''' at researchgate.net], a November 2007 paper published in the IEEE conference on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics
 
 
* [[w:Category:Singing software synthesizers]]


----
----
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* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2019/05/06/artificial-intelligence-can-now-copy-your-voice-what-does-that-mean-for-humans/#617f6d872a2a '''"Artificial Intelligence Can Now Copy Your Voice: What Does That Mean For Humans?"''' May 2019 reporting at forbes.com] on [[w:Baidu Research]]'es attempt at the sound-like-anyone-machine demonstrated at the 2018 [[w:NeurIPS]] conference.
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2019/05/06/artificial-intelligence-can-now-copy-your-voice-what-does-that-mean-for-humans/#617f6d872a2a '''"Artificial Intelligence Can Now Copy Your Voice: What Does That Mean For Humans?"''' May 2019 reporting at forbes.com] on [[w:Baidu Research]]'es attempt at the sound-like-anyone-machine demonstrated at the 2018 [[w:NeurIPS]] conference.


=== Temporal limit of digital sound-alikes ===
[[File:Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg|thumb|left|210px|[[w:Thomas Edison]] and his early [[w:phonograph]]. Cropped from [[w:Library of Congress]] copy, ca. 1877,  (probably 18 April 1878)]]


The temporal limit of whom, dead or living, the digital sound-alikes can attack is defined by the '''[[w:history of sound recording]]'''.


=== Documented digital sound-alike attacks ===
The article starts by mentioning that the invention of the [[w:phonograph]] by [[w:Thomas Edison]] in '''1877''' is considered the start of sound recording.
* Sound like anyone technology found its way to the hands of criminals as in '''2019''' [[w:NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] researchers knew of 3 cases where technology has been used for '''[[w:crime]]'''
 
** [https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48908736 '''"Fake voices 'help cyber-crooks steal cash''''" at bbc.com] July 2019 reporting <ref name="BBC2019">
The '''phonautograph''' is the earliest known device for recording [[w:sound]]. Previously, tracings had been obtained of the sound-producing vibratory motions of [[w:tuning forks]] and other objects by physical contact with them, but not of actual sound waves as they propagated through air or other media. Invented by Frenchman [[W:Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville]], it was patented on March 25, '''1857'''.<ref name="NPR-Phonautograph">
{{cite web
 
|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48908736
{{Cite news
|title= Fake voices 'help cyber-crooks steal cash'
|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89380697
|last=
|title=1860 'Phonautograph' Is Earliest Known Recording
|first=
|last=Flatow
|date= 2019-07-08
|first=Ira|date=April 4, 2008|work=NPR
|website= [[w:bbc.com]]
|access-date=2012-12-09
|publisher= [[w:BBC]]
|language=en}}
|access-date= 2020-07-22
|quote= }}
</ref>
** [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/ '''"An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft"''' at washingtonpost.com] documents a [[w:fraud]] committed with digital sound-like-anyone-machine, July 2019 reporting.<ref name="WaPo2019">
{{cite web
|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/04/an-artificial-intelligence-first-voice-mimicking-software-reportedly-used-major-theft/
|title= An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft
|last= Drew
|first= Harwell
|date= 2020-04-16
|website= [[w:washingtonpost.com]]
|publisher= [[w:Washington Post]]
|access-date= 2019-07-22
|quote= }}
</ref>


=== Limits of digital sound-alikes ===
</ref>
[[File:Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg|thumb|right|210px|[[w:Thomas Edison]] and his early [[w:phonograph]]. Cropped from [[w:Library of Congress]] copy, ca. 1877,  (probably 18 April 1878)]]
The temporal limit of whom, dead or living, the digital sound-alikes can attack is defined by the '''[[w:history of sound recording]]'''. The article starts by mentioning that the invention of the [[w:phonograph]] by [[w:Thomas Edison]] in '''1877''' is considered the start of sound recording, though it does mention Scott's '''phonautograph''' of '''1857''' in bold font.
----


The below video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' describes the voice thieving machine presented by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|w:NeurIPS]] 2018.
Apparently, it did not occur to anyone before the 1870s that the recordings, called '''phonautograms''', contained enough information about the sound that they could, in theory, be '''used to recreate it'''. Because the phonautogram tracing was an insubstantial two-dimensional line, direct physical playback was impossible in any case. Several phonautograms recorded '''before 1861''' were successfully played as sound in '''2008''' by optically scanning them and using a computer to process the scans into digital audio files. ([[w:Phonautograph|Wikipedia]])
{{#ev:youtube|0sR1rU3gLzQ|640px|right|Video 'This AI Clones Your Voice After Listening for 5 Seconds' by '2 minute papers' describes the voice thieving machine by Google Research in [[w:NeurIPS|w:NeurIPS]] 2018.}}


[[File:Spectrogram-19thC.png|thumb|right|640px|A [[w:spectrogram]] of a male voice saying 'nineteenth century']]
[[File:Spectrogram-19thC.png|thumb|right|640px|A [[w:spectrogram]] of a male voice saying 'nineteenth century']]
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* '''2020''' | '''[[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition]] (CVPR)''' |  [https://sites.google.com/view/wmediaforensics2020/home 2020 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition:  ''''Workshop on Media Forensics'''' at sites.google.com], a '''June 2020''' workshop at the [[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition]].  
* '''2020''' | '''[[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition]] (CVPR)''' |  [https://sites.google.com/view/wmediaforensics2020/home 2020 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition:  ''''Workshop on Media Forensics'''' at sites.google.com], a '''June 2020''' workshop at the [[w:Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition]].  


* '''2019''' | '''[[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems|w:NeurIPS]]''' | [[w:Facebook, Inc.]] [https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/artificial-intelligence/machine-learning/facebook-ai-launches-its-deepfake-detection-challenge '''"Facebook AI Launches Its Deepfake Detection Challenge"''' at spectrum.ieee.org]
* '''2020''' | The winners of the [https://venturebeat.com/2020/06/12/facebook-detection-challenge-winners-spot-deepfakes-with-82-accuracy/ Deepfake Detection Challenge reach 82% accuracy in detecting synthetic human-like fakes]<ref name="VentureBeat2020">https://venturebeat.com/2020/06/12/facebook-detection-challenge-winners-spot-deepfakes-with-82-accuracy/</ref>
 
* '''2019''' | At the annual Finnish [[w:Ministry of Defence (Finland)|w:Ministry of Defence]]'s [https://www.defmin.fi/en/frontpage/overview/ministry_of_defence/departments_and_units/defence_policy_department/scientific_advisory_board_for_defence_%28matine%29#d779859d '''Scientific Advisory Board for Defence''' ('''MATINE''')] public research seminar, a research group presented their work [https://www.defmin.fi/files/4755/1315MATINE_seminaari_21.11.pdf ''''''Synteettisen median tunnistus''''''' at defmin.fi] (Recognizing synthetic media). They developed on earlier work on how to automatically detect synthetic human-like fakes and their work was funded with a grant from MATINE.
 
* '''2019''' | '''[[w:Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems|w:NeurIPS]]''' | [[w:Facebook, Inc.]] [https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/artificial-intelligence/machine-learning/facebook-ai-launches-its-deepfake-detection-challenge '''"Facebook AI Launches Its Deepfake Detection Challenge"''' at spectrum.ieee.org] [[w:IEEE Spectrum]]. More reporting at [https://venturebeat.com/2019/12/11/facebook-microsoft-and-others-launch-deepfake-detection-challenge/ '''''"Facebook, Microsoft, and others launch Deepfake Detection Challenge"''''' at venturebeat.com]


* '''2019''' | '''CVPR''' | [https://sites.google.com/view/mediaforensics2019/home '''2019''' CVPR: ''''Workshop on Media Forensics'''']
* '''2019''' | '''CVPR''' | [https://sites.google.com/view/mediaforensics2019/home '''2019''' CVPR: ''''Workshop on Media Forensics'''']
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=== SSF! wiki proposed countermeasure to synthetic porn: Adequate Porn Watcher AI (transcluded) ===
=== SSF! wiki proposed countermeasure to synthetic porn: Adequate Porn Watcher AI (transcluded) ===
Transcluded from [[Adequate Porn Watcher AI]]
Transcluded main contents from [[Adequate Porn Watcher AI (concept)]]


{{#lstx:Adequate Porn Watcher AI|See_also}}
{{#lstx:Adequate Porn Watcher AI (concept)|See_also}}


=== Possible legal response: Outlawing digital sound-alikes (transcluded) ===
=== Possible legal response: Outlawing digital sound-alikes (transcluded) ===
Transcluded from [[User:Juho Kunsola/Law proposals#Law proposal to ban covert modeling of human voice|Juho's proposal on banning digital sound-alikes]]
Transcluded from [[Law proposals#Law proposal to ban covert modeling of human voice|Juho's proposal on banning digital sound-alikes]]


{{#section-h:User:Juho Kunsola/Law proposals|Law proposal to ban covert modeling of human voice}}
{{#section-h:Law proposals|Law proposal to ban covert modeling of human voice}}


== Timeline  of synthetic human-like fakes ==
== Timeline  of synthetic human-like fakes ==


=== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes ===
=== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes ===
* '''<font color="green">2020</font>''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | On 2020-11-18 the [[w:Partnership on AI]] introduced the [https://incidentdatabase.ai/ ''''''AI Incident Database'''''' at incidentdatabase.ai].<ref name="PartnershipOnAI2020">https://www.partnershiponai.org/aiincidentdatabase/</ref>


* '''2020''' | reporting | [https://www.wired.co.uk/article/deepfake-porn-websites-videos-law "''Deepfake porn is now mainstream. And major sites are cashing in''" at wired.co.uk] by Matt Burgess. Published August 2020.
* '''2020''' | reporting | [https://www.wired.co.uk/article/deepfake-porn-websites-videos-law "''Deepfake porn is now mainstream. And major sites are cashing in''" at wired.co.uk] by Matt Burgess. Published August 2020.
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</ref>
</ref>


* '''<font color="red">2018</font>''' | '''<font color="red">counter-measure</font>''' | In September 2018 Google added “'''involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery'''” to its '''ban list''', allowing anyone to request the search engine block results that falsely depict them as “nude or in a sexually explicit situation.”<ref name="WashingtonPost2018">
* '''<font color="green">2018</font>''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | In September 2018 Google added “'''involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery'''” to its '''ban list''', allowing anyone to request the search engine block results that falsely depict them as “nude or in a sexually explicit situation.”<ref name="WashingtonPost2018">


{{cite web
{{cite web
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An analytical BRDF must take into account the subsurface scattering, or the end result '''will not pass human testing'''.]]
An analytical BRDF must take into account the subsurface scattering, or the end result '''will not pass human testing'''.]]


* '''2003''' | movie(s) | The '''[[w:Matrix Reloaded]]''' and '''[[w:Matrix Revolutions]]''' films. Relevancy: '''First public display''' of '''[[synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alikes]]''' that are virtually '''indistinguishable from''' the '''real actors'''.
* '''2003''' | movie(s) | The '''[[w:Matrix Reloaded]]''' and '''[[w:Matrix Revolutions]]''' films. Relevancy: '''First public display''' of '''[[synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alikes]]''' that are virtually '''indistinguishable from''' the '''real actors'''. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215518319_Universal_Capture_-_Image-based_Facial_Animation_for_The_Matrix_Reloaded ''''''Universal Capture - Image-based Facial Animation for "The Matrix Reloaded"'''''' at researchgate.net] (2003)


{{#ev:youtube|3qIXIHAmcKU|640px|right|Music video for '''''Bullet''''' by [[w:Covenant (band)|w:Covenant]] from 2002. Here you can observe the classic "''skin looks like cardboard''"-bug that stopped the pre-reflectance capture era versions from passing human testing.}}
{{#ev:youtube|3qIXIHAmcKU|640px|right|Music video for '''''Bullet''''' by [[w:Covenant (band)|w:Covenant]] from 2002. Here you can observe the classic "''skin looks like cardboard''"-bug that stopped the pre-reflectance capture era versions from passing human testing.}}
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[[File:Institute for Creative Technologies (logo).jpg|thumb|left|156px|Logo of the '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' founded in 1999 in the [[w:University of Southern California]] by the [[w:United States Army]]]]
[[File:Institute for Creative Technologies (logo).jpg|thumb|left|156px|Logo of the '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' founded in 1999 in the [[w:University of Southern California]] by the [[w:United States Army]]]]
[[File:Deb2000-light-stage-low-res-rip.png|thumb|left|304px|Original [[w:light stage]] used in the 1999 reflectance capture by [[w:Paul Debevec|Debevec]] et al.<br /><br />
It consists of two rotary axes with height and radius control. Light source and a polarizer were placed on one arm and a camera and the other polarizer on the other arm.
<br /><br />
<small>Original image by Debevec et al. – Copyright ACM 2000 – https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311779.344855 – Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.</small>]]


* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''science'''</font> | '''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=344855 'Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face' paper at dl.acm.org ]''' [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. of [[w:University of Southern California|w:USC]] did the '''first known reflectance capture''' over '''the human face''' with their extremely simple [[w:light stage]]. They presented their method and results in [[w:SIGGRAPH]] 2000. The scientific breakthrough required finding the [[w:subsurface scattering|w:subsurface light component]] (the simulation models are glowing from within slightly) which can be found using knowledge that light that is reflected from the oil-to-air layer retains its [[w:Polarization (waves)]] and the subsurface light loses its polarization. So equipped only with a movable light source, movable video camera, 2 polarizers and a computer program doing extremely simple math and the last piece required to reach photorealism was acquired.<ref name="Deb2000"/>
* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''science'''</font> | '''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=344855 'Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face' paper at dl.acm.org ]''' [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. of [[w:University of Southern California|w:USC]] did the '''first known reflectance capture''' over '''the human face''' with their extremely simple [[w:light stage]]. They presented their method and results in [[w:SIGGRAPH]] 2000. The scientific breakthrough required finding the [[w:subsurface scattering|w:subsurface light component]] (the simulation models are glowing from within slightly) which can be found using knowledge that light that is reflected from the oil-to-air layer retains its [[w:Polarization (waves)]] and the subsurface light loses its polarization. So equipped only with a movable light source, movable video camera, 2 polarizers and a computer program doing extremely simple math and the last piece required to reach photorealism was acquired.<ref name="Deb2000"/>
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----
----
== Media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes ==
This is a chronological listing of media that are probably to do with [[synthetic human-like fakes]].
The links currently include scripture, science, demonstrations, music videos, music, entertainment and movies.
=== 2020's media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes ===
* '''2022''' | movie | '''''[[w:The Matrix 4]]''''' ('''2022''') will be the 4th installment of the [[w:The Matrix (franchise)]]. Relevancy: High likelihood of relevance, but unknown as this film is not yet ready or released.
=== 2010's media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes  ===
* '''2018''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8f5RgwY8CI&list=PLxKHVMqMZqUTgHYRSXfZN_JjItBzVTCau ''''''Simulation Theory'''''' album by '''Muse''' on Youtube] by [[w:Muse (band)]] from the [[w:Simulation Theory (album)]]. '''Obs.''' "The Pause," "Watch What I Do" and "The Interlude" are not part of the album. Relevancy: Whole album
* '''2016''' | music video |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElvLZMsYXlo ''''''Voodoo In My Blood'''''' (official music video) by '''Massive Attack''' on Youtube] by [[w:Massive Attack]] and featuring [[w:Tricky]] from the album [[w:Ritual Spirit]]. Relevancy: '''How many machines''' can you see in the same frame at times? If you answered one, look harder and make a more educated guess.
* '''2016''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8r31DFrFs5A ''''''The Spoils'''''' by '''Massive Attack''' on Youtube] by [[w:Massive Attack]] featuring [[w:Hope Sandoval]]. [[w:The Spoils (song)|Wikipedia on The Spoils (song)]] Relevancy: The video '''contains synthesis''' of '''human-like''' likenesses.
* '''2013''' | music | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvT8ydMiETc ''''''In Two'''''' by the '''Nine Inch Nails''' (lyric video) on Youtube] by [[w:Nine Inch Nails]] from the album [[w:Hesitation Marks]]. Relevancy: The '''lyrics''' seem to be about '''appearance theft'''.
* '''2013''' | music | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn3W6ok-IhE ''''''Copy of A'''''' by the '''Nine Inch Nails''' (lyric video) on Youtube] by [[w:Nine Inch Nails]] from the album [[w:Hesitation Marks]]. Relevancy: The '''lyrics''' seem to be about '''appearance theft'''.
* '''2013''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWrUEsVrdSU ''''''Before Your Very Eyes'''''' by '''Atoms For Peace''' (official music video) on Youtube] by [[w:Atoms for Peace (band)]] from their album [[w:Amok (Atoms for Peace album)]]. Video was made by [http://www.andrewthomashuang.com/ Andrew Thomas Huang (.com)] Relevancy: Watch the video
=== 2000's media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes  ===
* '''2006''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hC_sqi9oocI ''''''John The Revelator'''''' by '''Depeche Mode''' (official music video) on Youtube] by [[w:Depeche Mode]] from the single [[w:John the Revelator / Lilian]]. Relevancy: [[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Revelation 13|Book of Revelations]].
* '''2005''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwvLlEtxX3o ''''''Only'''''' by Nine '''Inch Nails''' at Youtube.com] [[w:Only (Nine Inch Nails song)]] by the [[w:Nine Inch Nails]]. Relevancy: check the lyrics, check the video
* '''2005''' | short film | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zl6hNj1uOkY ''''''Doll Face'''''' by '''Andy Huang''' on youtube.com] was uploaded on 2007-02-19 by [http://www.andrewthomashuang.com/ Andrew Thomas Huang (.com)]. There are various unofficial videos using 'Doll Face' as graphics, but with different music.
* '''2001''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbB-mICjkQM ''''''Plug In Baby'''''' by '''Muse''' on youtube.com] by [[w:Muse (band)]] from their album [[w:Origin of Symmetry]]. Relevancy: See video
* '''2001''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWIeVTs94rI ''''''Evolution Revolution Love'''''' by '''Tricky''' on Youtube] by [[w:Tricky (musician)]] from the [[w:Blowback (album)]] and featuring [[w:Ed Kowalczyk]]. Relevancy: See video
=== 1990's media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes  ===
* '''1998''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbByxzZ-4dI ''''''Rabbit in Your Headlights'''''' by '''UNKLE''' on Youtube] by [[w:Unkle]] and featuring [[w:Thom Yorke]] on the lyrics.  [[w:Rabbit in Your Headlights#Music video|Wikipedia on 'Rabbit in Your Headlights' music video]]. Relevancy: Contains shots that would have '''injured''' / '''killed''' a '''human actor'''.
* '''1998''' | music | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjrnKG1j3Eg ''''''New Model No. 15'''''' by '''Marilyn Manson''' (lyrics in video) on Youtube] by [[w:Marilyn Manson (band)]] from the album [[w:Mechanical Animals]]. Relevancy: The '''lyrics''' are obviously about '''[[digital look-alikes]]''' approaching.
* '''1998''' |  music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FC-Kos_b1sE ''''''The Dope Show'''''' by '''Marilyn Manson''' (lyric video) on Youtube] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5R682M3ZEyk (official music video)] by [[w:Marilyn Manson (band)]] from the album [[w:Mechanical Animals]]. Relevancy: '''lyrics'''
* '''1996''' | music | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMK9z5jyKbQ ''''''Dead Cities'''''' by '''The Future Sound of London''' on Youtube] - Title track from the 1996 [[w:The Future Sound of London]] album [[w:Dead Cities (album)]]. Relevancy: You need to listen
* '''1990''' | music (video) | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JG9CXQxhfL4 ''''''Daydreaming'''''' by '''Massive Attack''' on youtube.com] [[w:Daydreaming (Massive Attack song)]] by [[w:Massive Attack]] Relevancy: "''But what happen when the bomb drops Down...?''"
=== 1980's media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes ===
* '''1986''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6epzmRZk6UU ''''''Paranoimia'''''' by '''Art of Noise''' on Youtube]. [[w:Paranoimia]] by [[w:Art of Noise]] featuring Max Headroom from the album [[w:In Visible Silence]] Relevancy: Contains state-of-the-art (for the era) '''synthetic human-like character''', [[w:Max Headroom]]).
* '''1983''' | music video | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0lIlROWro8 ''''''Musique Non-Stop'''''' by '''Kraftwerk''' on Youtube] made in 1983, but published only in in '''1986''' by [[w:Kraftwerk]] from album [[w:Electric Café]]. Relevancy: Contains state-of-the-art (for the era) '''[[digital look-alikes]]''' of the band members.
=== 1st century media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes  ===
* '''[[w:1st century]]''' | scripture | '''[[w:Jesus]] teaches''' about things that are yet to come in
*# '''[[w:Matthew 24]]'''
*# '''[[w:The Sheep and the Goats]]''' and
*# '''[[w:Mark 13]]'''.
*'''1st century''' | scripture | '''[[w:2 Thessalonians 2]]''' is the second chapter of the [[w:Second Epistle to the Thessalonians]]. It is traditionally attributed to [[w:Paul the Apostle]], with [[w:Saint Timothy]] as a co-author.  See [[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#2 Thessalonians 2|Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation § 2 Thessalonians 2]] '''Caution''' to reader: contains '''explicit''' written information about the beasts
*'''1st century''' | scripture | '''[[w:Book of Revelation]]'''. The task of writing down and smuggling out this early warning of what is to come is given by God to his servant John, who was imprisoned on the island of [[w:Patmos]].  See [[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Revelation 13|Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation § Revelation 13]]. '''Caution''' to reader: contains '''explicit''' written information about the beasts.
=== 2nd century BC media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes  ===
* [[w:2nd century BC]] | scripture | The '''[[w:Book of Daniel]]''' was put in writing.
* See [[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Daniel 7|Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation § Daniel 7]]. '''Caution''' to reader: contains '''explicit''' written information about the beasts.
=== 6th century BC media perhaps about synthetic human-like fakes ===
[[File:Daniel's vision of the four beasts from the sea and the Ancient of Days - Silos Apocalypse (1109), f.240 - BL Add MS 11695.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Image taken from Silos Apocalypse. Originally published/produced in Spain (Silos), 1109.<br/><br/>
[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Daniel 7|Daniel 7]], Daniel's vision of the three beasts <sup>[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Daniel 7:1-6 - Three beasts|Dan 7:1-6]]</sup> and the fourth beast <sup>[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#Daniel 7:7-8 - The fourth beast|Dan 7:7-8]]</sup> from the sea and the [[w:Ancient of Days]]<sup>[[Biblical explanation - The books of Daniel and Revelation#The Ancient of Days|Dan 7:9-10]]</sup>]]
* [[w:6th century BC]] | scripture | '''[[w:Daniel (biblical figure)]]''' was in [[w:Babylonian captivity]] when he had his visions where God warned us of synthetic human-like fakes first.
* His testimony was put into written form in the [[#3rd century BC]].


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
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