Bibles and churches: Difference between revisions

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→‎Christian churches: + == Protestantism ==
(→‎Eastern Orthodoxy: + === Unrecognized churches in the Eastern Orthodox Church === + ==== Churches in resistance (True Orthodoxy) ==== + ==== Churches that are unrecognized ==== + ==== Churches that voluntarily stay outside any communion ==== + ==== Churches that are both unrecognized and not fully Orthodox ====)
(→‎Christian churches: + == Protestantism ==)
Line 1,922: Line 1,922:


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== Protestantism ==
'''[[w:Protestantism|Protestantism]]'''  is the second-largest form of Christianity with a total of '''800 million''' to '''1 billion''' adherents worldwide or about 37% of all Christians. It originated with the 16th century [[w:Reformation]], a movement against what its followers perceived to be [[w:Criticism of the Catholic Church|errors]] in the [[#Catholic Church]]. Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of [[w:papal supremacy]] and [[w:sacraments in the Catholic Church|sacraments]], but disagree among themselves regarding the [[w:real presence of Christ in the Eucharist|real presence]] of [[w:Jesus in Christianity|Christ]] in the [[w:Eucharist]] and matters of [[w:church polity]] and [[w:apostolic succession]]. They emphasize the [[w:priesthood of all believers]], [[w:sola fide|justification by faith alone]] (''sola fide'') rather than also by [[w:good works]], and the highest authority of the [[w:Bible]] alone (rather than also with [[w:sacred tradition]]) in faith and [[w:Christian ethics|morals]] (''[[w:sola scriptura]]''). (Wikipedia on [[w:protestantism]] definition on 2020-08-09)
Protestantism includes many groups which do not share any ecclesiastical governance and have widely diverging beliefs and practices. Major Protestant denominations include
* [[w:List of the largest Protestant denominations]]
=== Adventism ===
'''[[w:Adventism|Adventism]]''' is a branch of [[w:Protestant]] [[w:Christianity]]<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book |section=Adventist and Sabbatarian (Hebraic) Churches |pages=256–76 |first1=Frank S |last1=Mead |first2=Samuel S |last2=Hill |first3=Craig D |last3=Atwood |title=Handbook of Denominations in the United States |edition=12th |place=Nashville |publisher=Abingdon Press}}</ref> that believes in the imminent [[w:Second Coming of Christ|Second Coming (or "Second Advent") of Jesus Christ]]. It originated in the 1830s in the [[w:United States]] during the [[w:Second Great Awakening]] when [[w:Baptist]] preacher [[w:William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]] first publicly shared his belief that the Second Coming would occur at some point between 1843 and 1844. His followers became known as [[w:Millerism|Millerites]]. After the [[w:Great Disappointment]], the Millerite movement split up and was continued by a number of groups that held different doctrines from one another. These groups, stemming from a common Millerite ancestor, became known collectively as the Adventist movement. (Wikipedia)
# [[w:List of Seventh-day Adventists]]
# [[w:Adventism in Norway]]
# [[w:Australian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]]
=== Anabaptism ===
'''[[w:Anabaptism|Anabaptism]]''' (from [[w:New Latin]] anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά- "re-" and βαπτισμός "[[w:baptism]]", German: Täufer, earlier also Wiedertäufer[a]) is a Christian movement which traces its origins to the [[w:Radical Reformation]]. The movement is generally seen as an offshoot of [[w:Protestantism]], although this view has been challenged by some Anabaptists. (Wikipedia)
* [[w:List of Anabaptist churches]]
=== Anglicanism ===
'''[[w:Anglicanism|Anglicanism]]''' is a [[w:Western Christianity|Western]] [[w:Christian tradition]] that has developed from the practices, [[w:liturgy]], and identity of the [[w:Church of England]] following the [[w:English Reformation]]. (Wikipedia)
* [[w:List of Anglican churches]]
* [[w:List of Anglican Communion dioceses]]
* [[w:List of Anglican devotional societies]]
# '''[[w:Church of England]]''' | [[w:List of bishops in the Church of England]]
=== Baptism ===
'''[[w:Baptists|Baptists]]''' form a major branch of [[w:Protestantism]] distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ([[w:believer's baptism]], as opposed to [[w:infant baptism]]), and doing so by complete [[w:Immersion baptism|immersion]] (as opposed to [[w:affusion]] or [[w:aspersion]]). Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the [[w:doctrine]]s of [[w:soul competency]] (the responsibility and accountability of every person before [[w:God in Christianity|God]]), ''[[w:sola fide]]'' (salvation by faith alone), ''[[w:sola scriptura]]'' (scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice) and [[w:Congregationalist polity|congregationalist church government]]. Baptists generally recognize two [[w:Ordinance (Christianity)|ordinances]]: baptism and [[w:Eucharist|communion]].
* [[w:List of Baptist denominations]]
* [[w:List of Baptist churches]]
* [[w:List of Baptists]]
=== Lutheranism ===
'''[[w:Lutheranism|Lutheranism]]''' is one of the largest branches of [[w:Protestantism]] that identifies with the teachings of [[w:Martin Luther]], a 16th-century German [[w:Protestant Reformers|reformer]]. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the church launched the [[w:Protestant Reformation]]. The reaction of the government and church authorities to the international spread of his writings, beginning with the [[w:The 95 Theses|95 Theses]], divided Western Christianity.
* [[w:Lutheranism by region]]
''' Lutheran organizations '''
* The '''[[w:Lutheran World Federation]]''' ('''LWF''') ([https://www.lutheranworld.org/ at lutheranworld.org]) (Lutherischer Weltbund) is a global [[w:Communion (religion)|communion]] of national and regional  [[w:Lutheran denominations]] headquartered in the [[w:Ecumenical Centre]] in [[w:Geneva]], [[w:Switzerland]]. LWF is the largest association of national and regional Lutheran church bodies in the world. Founded in 1947 by 47 church bodies from 26 countries,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lutheranworld.org/sites/default/files/archives-section/LWF-Assemblies-since-1947.pdf|title=History of the LWF Assemblies Since 1947|website=Lutheran World Federation|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> the LWF has grown to include 145 church bodies in 98 countries.<ref name=LWF/><ref group="contact">
* '''LWF Communion Office'''
* Ecumenical Center
* 150, route de Ferney
* P.O. Box 2100
* CH-1211 Geneva 2
* Switzerland / Suisse
* info@lutheranworld.org
* t +41/22-791 61 11
* f +41/22-791 66 30
</ref>
* The '''[[w:International Lutheran Council]]''' ('''ILC''') ([https://ilc-online.org/ at ilc-online.org]) is a worldwide association of [[w:Confessional Lutheran|confessional]] [[w:Lutheranism|Lutheran]] denominations. ILC is the second largest international association of Lutheran churches after the LWF, representing 7.15 million Lutherans in 54 church bodies as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ilc-online.org/about-us/|title=About Us|website=International Lutheran Council|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ilc-online.org/2018/09/26/ilc-welcomes-17-new-member-churches-representing-4-15-million-lutherans-worldwide/ |title=ILC welcomes 17 new member churches representing 4,15 million Lutherans worldwide |website=International Lutheran Council |date=26 September 2018}}</ref> Unlike the members of the LWF, not all members of the ILC are in [[w:Full communion|altar and pulpit fellowship]] with one another.<ref group="contact">
* '''International Lutheran Council'''
* PO Box 10149
* Fort Wayne, IN 46850
* USA
* Telephone: +1-314-800-0310
* FAX: +1-314-814-8062
* E-mail: info@ilcouncil.org
</ref>
* The '''[[w:Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference]]''' ('''CELC''') ([https://celc.info/ at celc.info]) is the third major international association of Lutheran church bodies, representing approximately 500,000 Lutherans in 32 church bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://celc.info/|title=Home|website=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref><ref group="contact">
* '''Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference'''
* President Gaylin Schmeling
* 6 Browns Ct.
* Mankato, MN 56001
* USA
* E-mail: president@celc.info
</ref>
''' Gatherings '''
* The '''[[w:Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum]]''' ('''Global Forum''') ([https://globalforum.co/ at globalforum.co]) ([https://globalforum.co/#connect contact info]) ([https://globalforum.co/contact-us/ contact form]) Global Forum is the fourth major international association of Lutheran church bodies and organizations, representing Lutherans in church bodies across 15 nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalforum.co/|title=Home|website=Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum|access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref>
''' Wikipedia '''
* [[w:List of Lutheran dioceses and archdioceses]]
* [[w:List of Lutheran clergy]]
* [[w:List of Lutheran churches]]
* [[w:List of Lutheran denominations in North America]]
*# '''[[w:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]]'''  ('''ELCA''') ([https://www.elca.org/ Official website elca.org]) ([https://www.elca.org/tools/contact_us contact form at elca.org]) is a [[w:mainline Protestant]] [[w:Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[w:Christian Church|church]] headquartered in [[w:Chicago]], [[w:Illinois]]. The ELCA was officially formed on January 1, 1988, by the merging of three Lutheran church bodies. The ELCA consists of 65 [[w:Synod#Lutheran_usage|synods]] which are configured into nine regional offices. Each of the synods of the ELCA elects one [[w:Bishop#Lutheranism|bishop]] and three synod council officers to oversee the spiritual and organizational activities of its member congregations.<ref>{{cite web
  | title = Synodical relations
  | work = About the ELCA
  | publisher = ELCA
  | date = 2007
  | url = http://www.elca.org/synods/
  | accessdate = 2007-07-04 }}</ref>
**** [http://download.elca.org/ELCA%20Resource%20Repository/Bishops_and_Synods_Map_at_a_Glance.pdf "Bishops and Synods at a Glance" .pdf]
**** [[w:List of ELCA synods]]<ref group="contact">
* '''ELCA Churchwide Ministries'''
* 8765 W Higgins Road
* Chicago, IL 60631
* USA
* Toll-Free: 800-638-3522
* Phone: 773-380-2700
* Fax: 773-380-1465
</ref>
*# '''[[w:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]]''' ('''LCMS''') ([https://www.lcms.org/ lcms.org]), often referred to simply as the Missouri Synod, is a traditional, [[w:confessional Lutheran]] [[w:Christian denomination|denomination]] in the United States. With slightly under 2 million members,<ref name="2017Facts"/> it is the second-largest [[w:Lutheranism|Lutheran]] body in the United States. The LCMS was organized in 1847 at a meeting in [[w:Chicago, Illinois]], as the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States. [https://www.lcms.org/contact-us contact form]<ref group="contact">
* '''Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod'''
* 1333 S. Kirkwood Road
* St. Louis, MO 63122-7226
* USA
</ref>
*# '''[[w:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]]''' ('''WELS''') ([https://wels.net/ wels.net]), also referred to simply as the '''Wisconsin Synod''', is an American [[w:Confessional Lutheran]] denomination of [[w:Christianity]]. Characterized as [[w:Christian theology|theologically]] conservative, it was founded in 1850 in [[w:Milwaukee]], [[w:Wisconsin]]. [https://wels.net/contact-us/ contact form]<ref group="contact">
* '''Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod'''
* N16W23377 Stone Ridge Drive
* Waukesha, WI 53188-1108
* USA
</ref>
* '''[[w:List of Lutheran denominations]]''' sorts the churches under [[w:List of Lutheran denominations#Lutheran World Federation|LWF]], [[w:List of Lutheran denominations#International Lutheran Council|ILC]], [[w:List of Lutheran denominations#Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference|CELC]], [[w:List of Lutheran denominations#Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum|Global Forum]] and [[w:List of Lutheran denominations#Unaffiliated Lutheran denominations|unaffiliated]]
=== Methodism ===
'''[[w:Methodism|Methodism]]''', also called the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related [[w:Christian denomination|denominations]] of [[w:Protestantism|Protestant]] [[w:Christianity]] which derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of [[w:John Wesley]].
* [[w:List of Methodist denominations]]
* [[w:List of bishops of the United Methodist Church]]
* [[w:List of Methodist churches]]
* [[w:List of Methodist churches in the United States]]
=== Morovianism ===
'''[[w:Moravian Church|Moravian Church]]''', formally called the '''Unitas Fratrum''' ([[w:Latin]] for "Unity of the Brethren"),<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=Moravian History|url=http://www.moravian.org.uk/index.php/the-moravian-church/moravian-history|publisher=Moravian Church of the British Province|accessdate=11 March 2017|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223035154/http://www.moravian.org.uk/index.php/the-moravian-church/moravian-history|archive-date=23 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Unitas Fratrum|url=http://www.unitasfratrum.org|website=Unitasfratrum.org |accessdate=12 March 2017|quote=Unitas Fratrum, the Worldwide Moravian Church consists of Unity Provinces, Mission Provinces, Mission Areas and certain areas of work which are the responsibility of the Moravian Unity as a whole.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Unity of the Brethren|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-13/unity-of-brethren.html|date=1987|accessdate=11 March 2017|work=Christianity Today|language=en}}</ref> known in [[w:German language|German]] as the [Herrnhuter] Brüdergemeine<ref>{{cite web|title=Herzlich willkommen|url=http://www.ebu.de/startseite/|website=Ebu.de|publisher=Evangelische Brüder-Unität - Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine|accessdate=12 March 2017|language=German}}</ref> ('Unity of Brethren [of [[w:Herrnhut]]<nowiki />]', after the place of the Church's renewal in the 18th century), is one of the oldest [[w:Protestantism|Protestant]] [[w:Christian denomination|denominations]] in the world, dating back to the [[w:Bohemian Reformation]] of the 15th century and the [[w:Unity of the Brethren]] (Czech: ''Jednota bratrská'') founded in the [[w:Kingdom of Bohemia]]. (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Moravian Church in North America]]
* [[w:Moravian Church of the British Province]]
=== Pentecostalism ===
'''[[w:Pentecostalism|Pentecostalism]]''' or Classical Pentecostalism is a [[w:Protestant]] [[w:Christianity|Christian]] movement<ref name=survey>[https://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/spirit-and-power/ "Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals"]. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life.</ref> that emphasises direct personal experience of [[w:God in Christianity|God]] through [[w:Baptism with the Holy Spirit#Classical Pentecostalism|baptism with the Holy Spirit]]. The term ''Pentecostal'' is derived from [[w:Pentecost]], the [[w:Greek language|Greek]] name for the [[w:Judaism|Jewish]] [[w:Feast of Weeks]]. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the [[w:Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Ghost]] upon the followers of [[w:Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]], as described in the second chapter of the [[w:Acts of the Apostles]].
* '''[[w:Pentecostal World Fellowship]]''' is a fellowship of [[w:Evangelical]] [[w:Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] churches and [[w:Christian denominations|denominations]] from across the world. The headquarters is in [[w:Tulsa]], [[w:Oklahoma]]. Its leader is Dr. [[w:William Wilson (academic)|William Wilson]] ([[w:Tulsa, OK]]).
* [[w:List of Pentecostal churches]]
* [[w:List of Pentecostal and Full Gospel Churches]]
=== Reformed Christianity ===
'''[[w:Calvinism|Calvinism]]''' (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of [[w:Protestantism]] that follows the theological tradition and forms of [[w:Christianity|Christian]] practice set down by [[w:John Calvin]] and other [[w:Protestant Reformation|Reformation-era]] [[w:Protestant Reformers|theologians]].
Calvinists broke from the [[w:Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] in the 16th century. Calvinists differ from [[w:Lutheranism|Lutherans]] (another major branch of the Reformation) on the [[w:real presence of Christ in the Eucharist]], [[w:regulative principle of worship|theories of worship]], and the [[w:Law and Gospel#Lutheran and Reformed differences|use of God's law for believers]], among other things.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schaff |first=Philip |title=New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge |chapter=Protestantism |pages=297–299 |volume=IX |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc09.protestantism.html#protestantism-p89.1}}</ref><ref name=muller>{{cite book |last=Muller |first=Richard A.|title=Dictionary of Latin and Greek Theological Terms: Drawn Principally from Protestant Scholastic Theology |year=2006|publisher=Baker Book House|isbn=978-0801020643|pages=320–321|edition=1st}}</ref> The term ''Calvinism'' can be misleading, because the religious tradition which it denotes has always been diverse, with a wide range of influences rather than a single founder; however almost all of them drew heavily from the writings of [[w:Augustine of Hippo]] a millennium prior.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Graham |title=Augustine’s Influence on Calvin, Luther, and Zwingli |url=https://theglobalchurchproject.com/augustines-influence-calvin-luther-zwingli/ |website=The Global Church Project |accessdate=3 December 2019}}</ref> In the context of the Reformation, [[w:Huldrych Zwingli]] began the Reformed tradition in 1519 in the city of [[w:Zürich]]. His followers were instantly [[w:Labelling#Labelling in argumentation|labeled]] ''[[w:Zwinglians]]'', consistent with the Catholic practice of naming heresy after its founder. Very soon, Zwingli was joined by [[w:Martin Bucer]], [[w:Wolfgang Capito]], [[w:William Farel]], [[w:Johannes Oecolampadius]] and other early Reformed thinkers. (Wikipedia)
[[w:Calvinism]] or [[w:Reformed Christianity|Reformed Christianity]] includes the
# '''[[w:Continental Reformed church|Continental Reformed church]]''' is a [[w:Reformed]] church that has its origin in the European continent. Prominent subgroups are the [[w:Dutch Reformed]], the [[w:Swiss Reformed]], the [[w:Reformed Church of France|French Reformed]] ([[w:Huguenots]]), the [[w:Hungarian Reformed]], and the [[w:Waldensians|Waldensian Church]] in Italy.
# '''[[w:Presbyterian|Presbyterian]]''' is a part of the [[w:Reformed tradition]] within [[w:Protestantism]], which traces its origins to [[w:Great Britain]], particularly [[w:Scotland]]. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the [[w:presbyterian polity|presbyterian]] form of [[w:ecclesiastical polity|church government]], which is governed by representative assemblies of [[w:Presbyterian elder|elders]].
#* [[w:List of Presbyterian churches]]
#* [[w:List of Presbyterian and Reformed denominations in North America]]
#* [[w:List of Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) synods and presbyteries]]
#* [[w:List of Presbyterian churches in the United States]]
#* [[w:List_of_Christian_denominations#Presbyterianism]]
# '''[[w:Evangelical Anglican|Evangelical Anglican]]''' - Evangelical Anglicanism or evangelical Episcopalianism is a tradition or [[w:Churchmanship|church party]] within [[w:Anglicanism]] that shares affinity with broader [[w:evangelicalism]]. Evangelical Anglicans share with other evangelicals the attributes of "conversionism, activism, biblicism and crucicentrism" identified by historian [[w:David Bebbington]] as central to evangelical identity. The emergence of evangelical churchmanship can be traced back to the [[w:First Great Awakening]] in America and the Evangelical Revival in Britain in the 18th century. In the 20th century, prominent figures have included [[w:John Stott]] and [[w:J.&nbsp;I. Packer]]. (Wikipedia)
#* [[w:Anglican Church in North America]]
# '''[[w:Congregationalist church|Congregationalist]]''' churches are [[w:Protestantism|Protestant]] churches in the [[w:Reformed tradition]] practicing [[w:Congregationalist polity|congregationalist church governance]], in which each [[Wiktionary:congregation|congregation]] independently and autonomously runs its own affairs.
#* [[w:List of Congregational churches]]
# '''[[w:Reformed Baptist|Reformed Baptist]]''' (sometimes known as Particular Baptists or Calvinistic Baptists) are [[w:Baptists]] that hold to a [[w:Calvinist soteriology]]. They can trace their history through the early modern Particular Baptists of [[w:England]]. The first Reformed Baptist church was formed in the 1630s. The [[w:1689 Baptist Confession of Faith]] was written along Reformed Baptist lines.
#* [[w:List of Reformed Baptist denominations]]
#* [[w:List of Reformed Baptist groups]]
#* [[w:List of Reformed Baptists]]


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