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'''Definitions'''
'''Definitions'''
<section begin=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />
<section begin=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />
When the '''[[Glossary#No camera|camera does not exist]]''', but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alike]]'''.
When the '''[[Glossary#No camera|camera does not exist]]''', but the subject being imaged with a simulation of a (movie) camera deceives the watcher to believe it is some living or dead person it is a '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital look-alikes|digital look-alike]]'''.  


When it cannot be determined by human testing or media forensics whether some fake voice is a synthetic fake of some person's voice, or is it an actual recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a pre-recorded '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alike]]'''.
In 2017-2018 this started to be referred to as [[w:deepfake]], even though altering video footage of humans with a computer with a deceiving effect is actually 20 yrs older than the name "deep fakes" or "deepfakes".<ref name="Bohacek and Farid 2022 protecting against fakes">
 
{{cite journal
| last1      = Boháček
| first1    = Matyáš
| last2      = Farid
| first2    = Hany
| date      = 2022-11-23
| title      = Protecting world leaders against deep fakes using facial, gestural, and vocal mannerisms
| url        = https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2216035119
| journal    = [[w:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]
| volume    = 119
| issue      = 48
| pages      =
| doi        = 10.1073/pnas.221603511
| access-date = 2023-01-05
}}
 
</ref><ref name="Bregler1997">
 
{{cite journal
| last1      = Bregler
| first1    = Christoph
| last2      = Covell
| first2    = Michele
| last3      = Slaney
| first3    = Malcolm
| date      = 1997-08-03
| title      = Video Rewrite: Driving Visual Speech with Audio
| url        = https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/human/bregler-sig97.pdf
| journal    = SIGGRAPH '97: Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
| volume    =
| issue      =
| pages      = 353-360
| doi        = 10.1145/258734.258880
| access-date = 2022-09-09
}}
 
</ref>
 
When it cannot be determined by human testing or media forensics whether some fake voice is a synthetic fake of some person's voice, or is it an actual recording made of that person's actual real voice, it is a pre-recorded '''[[Synthetic human-like fakes#Digital sound-alikes|digital sound-alike]]'''. This is now commonly referred to as [[w:audio deepfake]].
 
'''Real-time digital look-and-sound-alike''' in a video call was used to defraud a substantial amount of money in 2023.<ref name="Reuters real-time digital look-and-sound-alike crime  2023">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.reuters.com/technology/deepfake-scam-china-fans-worries-over-ai-driven-fraud-2023-05-22/
| title = 'Deepfake' scam in China fans worries over AI-driven fraud
| last =
| first =
| date = 2023-05-22
| website = [[w:Reuters.com]]
| publisher = [[w:Reuters]]
| access-date = 2023-06-05
| quote =
}}
</ref>
<section end=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />
::[[Synthetic human-like fakes|Read more about '''synthetic human-like fakes''']], see and support '''[[organizations and events against synthetic human-like fakes]]''' and what they are doing, what kinds of '''[[Laws against synthesis and other related crimes]]''' have been formulated, [[Synthetic human-like fakes#Timeline of synthetic human-like fakes|examine the SSFWIKI '''timeline''' of synthetic human-like fakes]] or [[Mediatheque|view the '''Mediatheque''']].
::[[Synthetic human-like fakes|Read more about '''synthetic human-like fakes''']], see and support '''[[organizations and events against synthetic human-like fakes]]''' and what they are doing, what kinds of '''[[Laws against synthesis and other related crimes]]''' have been formulated, [[Synthetic human-like fakes#Timeline of synthetic human-like fakes|examine the SSFWIKI '''timeline''' of synthetic human-like fakes]] or [[Mediatheque|view the '''Mediatheque''']].
<section end=definitions-of-synthetic-human-like-fakes />
 


[[File:Screenshot at 27s of a moving digital-look-alike made to appear Obama-like by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed 2018.png|thumb|right|480px|link=Mediatheque/2018/Obama's appearance thieved - a public service announcement digital look-alike by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed|{{#lst:Mediatheque|Obama-like-fake-2018}}]]
[[File:Screenshot at 27s of a moving digital-look-alike made to appear Obama-like by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed 2018.png|thumb|right|480px|link=Mediatheque/2018/Obama's appearance thieved - a public service announcement digital look-alike by Monkeypaw Productions and Buzzfeed|{{#lst:Mediatheque|Obama-like-fake-2018}}]]
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<small>[[:File:Deb-2000-reflectance-separation.png|Original picture]]  by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. - Copyright ACM 2000 https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311779.344855</small>]]
<small>[[:File:Deb-2000-reflectance-separation.png|Original picture]]  by [[w:Paul Debevec]] et al. - Copyright ACM 2000 https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=311779.344855</small>]]


In the cinemas we have seen digital look-alikes for over 15 years. These digital look-alikes have "clothing" (a simulation of clothing is not clothing) or "superhero costumes" and "superbaddie costumes", and they don't need to care about the laws of physics, let alone laws of physiology. It is generally accepted that digital look-alikes made their public debut in the sequels of The Matrix i.e. [[w:The Matrix Reloaded]] and [[w:The Matrix Revolutions]] released in 2003. It can be considered almost certain, that it was not possible to make these before the year 1999, as the final piece of the puzzle to make a (still) digital look-alike that passes human testing, the [[Glossary#Reflectance capture|reflectance capture]] over the human face, was made for the first time in 1999 at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and was presented to the crème de la crème  
In the cinemas we have seen digital look-alikes for 20 years. These digital look-alikes have "clothing" (a simulation of clothing is not clothing) or "superhero costumes" and "superbaddie costumes", and they don't need to care about the laws of physics, let alone laws of physiology. It is generally accepted that digital look-alikes made their public debut in the sequels of The Matrix i.e. [[w:The Matrix Reloaded]] and [[w:The Matrix Revolutions]] released in 2003. It can be considered almost certain, that it was not possible to make these before the year 1999, as the final piece of the puzzle to make a (still) digital look-alike that passes human testing, the [[Glossary#Reflectance capture|reflectance capture]] over the human face, was made for the first time in 1999 at the [[w:University of Southern California]] and was presented to the crème de la crème  
of the computer graphics field in their annual gathering SIGGRAPH 2000.<ref name="Deb2000">
of the computer graphics field in their annual gathering SIGGRAPH 2000.<ref name="Deb2000">
{{cite book
{{cite book
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=== The problems with digital look-alikes ===
=== The problems with digital look-alikes ===


Extremely unfortunately for the humankind, organized criminal leagues, that posses the '''weapons capability''' of making believable looking '''synthetic pornography''', are producing on industrial production pipelines '''synthetic terror porn'''<ref group="footnote" name="About the term synthetic terror porn">It is terminologically more precise, more inclusive and more useful to talk about 'synthetic terror porn', if we want to talk about things with their real names, than 'synthetic rape porn', because also synthesizing recordings of consentual looking sex scenes can be terroristic in intent.</ref> by animating digital look-alikes and distributing it in the murky Internet in exchange for money stacks that are getting thinner and thinner as time goes by.
Extremely unfortunately for the humankind, organized criminal leagues, that posses the '''weapons capability''' of making believable looking '''synthetic pornography''', are producing on industrial production pipelines '''terroristic synthetic pornography'''<ref group="footnote" name="About the term terroristic synthetic pornography">It is terminologically more precise, more inclusive and more useful to talk about 'terroristic synthetic pornography', if we want to talk about things with their real names, than 'synthetic rape porn', because also synthesizing recordings of consentual looking sex scenes can be terroristic in intent.</ref> by animating digital look-alikes and distributing it in the murky Internet in exchange for money stacks that are getting thinner and thinner as time goes by.
 
These industrially produced pornographic delusions are causing great human suffering, especially in their direct victims, but they are also tearing our communities and societies apart, sowing blind rage, perceptions of deepening chaos, feelings of powerlessness and provoke violence.
 
These kinds of '''hate illustration''' increases and strengthens hate feeling, hate thinking, hate speech and hate crimes and tears our fragile social constructions apart and with time perverts humankind's view of humankind into an almost unrecognizable shape, unless we interfere with resolve.


These industrially produced pornographic delusions are causing great human suffering, especially in their direct victims, but they are also tearing our communities and societies apart, sowing blind rage, perceptions of deepening chaos, feelings of powerlessness and provoke violence. These kinds of '''hate illustration''' increases and strengthens hate feeling, hate thinking, hate speech and hate crimes and tears our fragile social constructions apart and with time perverts humankind's view of humankind into an almost unrecognizable shape, unless we interfere with resolve.
'''Children-like sexual abuse images'''


=== List of possible naked digital look-alike attacks ===
Sadly by 2023 there is a market for synthetic human-like sexual abuse material that looks like children. See [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65932372 ''''''Illegal trade in AI child sex abuse images exposed'''''' at bbc.com] 2023-06-28 reports [[w:Stable Diffusion]] being abused to produce this kind of images. The [[w:Internet Watch Foundation]] also reports on the alarming existence of production of synthetic human-like sex abuse material portraying minors. See [https://www.iwf.org.uk/news-media/news/prime-minister-must-act-on-threat-of-ai-as-iwf-sounds-alarm-on-first-confirmed-ai-generated-images-of-child-sexual-abuse/ ''''''Prime Minister must act on threat of AI as IWF ‘sounds alarm’ on first confirmed AI-generated images of child sexual abuse'''''' at iwf.org.uk] (2023-08-18)


* The classic "''portrayal of as if in involuntary sex''"-attack. (Digital look-alike "cries")
=== Fixing the problems from digital look-alikes ===
* "''Sexual preference alteration''"-attack. (Digital look-alike "smiles")
 
* "''Cutting / beating''"-attack  (Constructs a deceptive history for genuine scars)  
We need to move on 3 fields: [[Laws against synthesis and other related crimes|legal]], technological and cultural.
* "''Mutilation''"-attack (Digital look-alike "dies")
 
* "''Unconscious and injected''"-attack (Digital look-alike gets "disease")
'''Technological''': Computer vision system like [[FacePinPoint.com]] for seeking unauthorized pornography / nudes used to exist 2017-2021 and could be revived if funding is found. It was a service practically identical with SSFWIKI original concept [[Adequate Porn Watcher AI (concept)]].
 
'''Legal''': Legislators around the planet have been waking up to this reality that not everything that seems a video of people is a video of people and various laws have been passed to protect humans and humanity from the menaces of synthetic human-like fakes, mostly digital look-alikes so far, but hopefully humans will be protected also fro other aspects of synthetic human-like fakes by laws. See [[Laws against synthesis and other related crimes]]


=== Age analysis and rejuvenating and aging syntheses ===
=== Age analysis and rejuvenating and aging syntheses ===
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=== University of Florida published an antidote to synthetic human-like fake voices in 2022 ===
=== University of Florida published an antidote to synthetic human-like fake voices in 2022 ===


'''2022''' saw a brilliant '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' presented to peers at the 31st [[w:USENIX]] Security Symposium 10-12 August 2022 by [[w:University of Florida]] <u><big>'''[[Who Are You (I Really Wanna Know)? Detecting Audio DeepFakes Through Vocal Tract Reconstruction]]'''</big></u>.
'''2022''' saw a brilliant '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' presented to peers at the 31st [[w:USENIX]] Security Symposium 10-12 August 2022 by [[w:University of Florida]] <u><big>'''[[Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction]]'''</big></u>.


The university's foundation has applied for a patent and let us hope that they will [[w:copyleft]] the patent as this protective method needs to be rolled out to protect the humanity.
The university's foundation has applied for a patent and let us hope that they will [[w:copyleft]] the patent as this protective method needs to be rolled out to protect the humanity.


'''Below transcluded [[Who Are You (I Really Wanna Know)? Detecting Audio DeepFakes Through Vocal Tract Reconstruction|from the article]]'''
'''Below transcluded [[Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|from the article]]'''


{{#lst:Who Are You (I Really Wanna Know)? Detecting Audio DeepFakes Through Vocal Tract Reconstruction|what-is-it}}{{#lst:Who Are You (I Really Wanna Know)? Detecting Audio DeepFakes Through Vocal Tract Reconstruction|original-reporting}}  
{{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|what-is-it}} {{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|original-reporting}}  


'''This new counter-measure needs to be rolled out to humans to protect humans against the fake human-like voices.'''
'''This new counter-measure needs to be rolled out to humans to protect humans against the fake human-like voices.'''


{{#lst:Who Are You (I Really Wanna Know)? Detecting Audio DeepFakes Through Vocal Tract Reconstruction|embed}}
{{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|embed}}


=== On known history of digital sound-alikes ===
=== On known history of digital sound-alikes ===
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* [https://www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/usd-35m-voice-cloning-heist '''''USD 35m voice cloning heist''''' at aiaaic.org], October 2021 AIAAIC repository entry  
* [https://www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/usd-35m-voice-cloning-heist '''''USD 35m voice cloning heist''''' at aiaaic.org], October 2021 AIAAIC repository entry  
<section end=2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud />
<section end=2021 digital sound-alike enabled fraud />
'''More fraud cases with digital sound-alikes'''
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/03/05/ai-voice-scam/ '''''They thought loved ones were calling for help. It was an AI scam.''''' at washingtonpost.com], March 2023 reporting


=== Example of a hypothetical 4-victim digital sound-alike attack ===
=== Example of a hypothetical 4-victim digital sound-alike attack ===
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* [https://analyticssteps.com/blogs/detection-fake-and-false-news-text-analysis-approaches-and-cnn-deep-learning-model '''"Detection of Fake and False News (Text Analysis): Approaches and CNN as Deep Learning Model"''' at analyticsteps.com], a 2019 summmary written by Shubham Panth.
* [https://analyticssteps.com/blogs/detection-fake-and-false-news-text-analysis-approaches-and-cnn-deep-learning-model '''"Detection of Fake and False News (Text Analysis): Approaches and CNN as Deep Learning Model"''' at analyticsteps.com], a 2019 summmary written by Shubham Panth.


'''Detectors for synthesized texts'''
=== Detectors for synthesized texts ===


Introduction of [[w:ChatGPT]] by OpenAI brought the need for software to detect machine-generated texts.
Introduction of [[w:ChatGPT]] by OpenAI brought the need for software to detect machine-generated texts.
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== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes ==
== 2020's synthetic human-like fakes ==


* '''2023''' | '''<font color="green">Law</font>''' | {{#lst:Law on sexual offences in Finland 2023|what-is-it}}  
* '''2023''' | '''<font color="orange">Real-time digital look-and-sound-alike crime</font>''' | In April a man in northern China was defrauded of 4.3 million yuan by a criminal employing a digital look-and-sound-alike pretending to be his friend on a video call made with a stolen messaging service account.<ref name="Reuters real-time digital look-and-sound-alike crime  2023"/>
 
* '''2023''' | '''<font color="orange">Election meddling with digital look-alikes</font>''' | The [[w:2023 Turkish presidential election]] saw numerous deepfake controversies.
 
** "''Ahead of the election in Turkey, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan showed a video linking his main challenger Kemal Kilicdaroglu to the militant Kurdish organization PKK.''" [...] "''Research by DW's fact-checking team in cooperation with DW's Turkish service shows that the video at the campaign rally was '''manipulated''' by '''combining two separate videos''' with totally different backgrounds and content.''" [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-turkeys-erdogan-shows-false-kilicdaroglu-video/a-65554034 reports dw.com]
 
* '''2023''' | March 7 th | '''<font color="red">science / demonstration</font>''' | Microsoft researchers submitted a paper for publication outlining their [https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03926 '''Cross-lingual neural codec language modeling system''' at arxiv.org] dubbed [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/vall-e-x/vall-e-x/ '''VALL-E X''' at microsoft.com], that extends upon VALL-E's capabilities to be cross-lingual and also maintaining the same "''emotional tone''" from sample to fake.
 
* '''2023''' | January 5th | '''<font color="red">science / demonstration</font>''' | Microsoft researchers announced [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/vall-e/ '''''VALL-E''''' - Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers (at microsoft.com)] that is able to thieve a voice from only '''3 seconds of sample''' and it is also able to mimic the "''emotional tone''" of the sample the synthesis if produced of.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/01/microsofts-new-ai-can-simulate-anyones-voice-with-3-seconds-of-audio/
| title = Microsoft’s new AI can simulate anyone’s voice with 3 seconds of audio
| last = Edwards
| first = Benj
| date = 2023-01-10
| website = [[w:Arstechnica.com]]
| publisher = Arstechnica
| access-date = 2023-05-05
| quote = For the paper's conclusion, they write: "Since VALL-E could synthesize speech that maintains speaker identity, it may carry potential risks in misuse of the model, such as spoofing voice identification or impersonating a specific speaker. To mitigate such risks, it is possible to build a detection model to discriminate whether an audio clip was synthesized by VALL-E. We will also put Microsoft AI Principles into practice when further developing the models."
}}
</ref>
 
* '''2023''' | January 1st | '''<font color="green">Law</font>''' | {{#lst:Law on sexual offences in Finland 2023|what-is-it}}  


* '''2022''' | <font color="orange">'''science'''</font> and <font color="green">'''demonstration'''</font> | [[w:OpenAI]][https://openai.com/ (.com)] published [[w:ChatGPT]], a discutational AI accessible with a free account at [https://chat.openai.com/ chat.openai.com]. Initial version was published on 2022-11-30.
* '''2022''' | <font color="orange">'''science'''</font> and <font color="green">'''demonstration'''</font> | [[w:OpenAI]][https://openai.com/ (.com)] published [[w:ChatGPT]], a discutational AI accessible with a free account at [https://chat.openai.com/ chat.openai.com]. Initial version was published on 2022-11-30.
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* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">brief report of counter-measures</font>''' | {{#lst:Protecting world leaders against deep fakes using facial, gestural, and vocal mannerisms|what-is-it}} Publication date 2022-11-23.
* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">brief report of counter-measures</font>''' | {{#lst:Protecting world leaders against deep fakes using facial, gestural, and vocal mannerisms|what-is-it}} Publication date 2022-11-23.


* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | {{#lst:Who Are You (I Really Wanna Know)? Detecting Audio DeepFakes Through Vocal Tract Reconstruction|what-is-it}}
* '''2022''' | '''<font color="green">counter-measure</font>''' | {{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|what-is-it}}
:{{#lst:Who Are You (I Really Wanna Know)? Detecting Audio DeepFakes Through Vocal Tract Reconstruction|original-reporting}}. Presented to peers in August 2022 and to the general public in September 2022.
:{{#lst:Detecting deep-fake audio through vocal tract reconstruction|original-reporting}}. Presented to peers in August 2022 and to the general public in September 2022.
 
* '''2022''' | <font color="orange">'''disinformation attack'''</font> | In June 2022 a fake digital look-and-sound-alike in the appearance and voice of [[w:Vitali Klitschko]], mayor of [[w:Kyiv]], held fake video phone calls with several European mayors. The Germans determined that the video phone call was fake by contacting the Ukrainian officials. This attempt at covert disinformation attack was originally reported by [[w:Der Spiegel]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/25/european-leaders-deepfake-video-calls-mayor-of-kyiv-vitali-klitschko</ref><ref>https://www.dw.com/en/vitali-klitschko-fake-tricks-berlin-mayor-in-video-call/a-62257289</ref>


* '''2022''' | science | [[w:DALL-E]] 2, a successor designed to generate more realistic images at higher resolutions that "can combine concepts, attributes, and styles" was published in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DALL·E 2 |url=https://openai.com/dall-e-2/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&oldid=1151136107 Wikipedia])
* '''2022''' | science | [[w:DALL-E]] 2, a successor designed to generate more realistic images at higher resolutions that "can combine concepts, attributes, and styles" was published in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DALL·E 2 |url=https://openai.com/dall-e-2/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&oldid=1151136107 Wikipedia])
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* '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''.  A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>
* '''2013''' | demonstration | A '''[https://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Scanning%20and%20Printing%20a%203D%20Portrait%20of%20President%20Barack%20Obama.pdf 'Scanning and Printing a 3D Portrait of President Barack Obama' at ict.usc.edu]'''.  A 7D model and a 3D bust was made of President Obama with his consent. Relevancy: <font color="green">'''Relevancy: certain'''</font>
* '''2011''' | <font color="green">'''Law in Finland'''</font> | Distribution and attempt of distribution and also possession of '''synthetic [[w:Child sexual abuse material|CSAM]]''' was '''criminalized''' on Wednesday 2011-06-01, upon the initiative of the [[w:Vanhanen II Cabinet]]. These protections against CSAM were moved into 19 §, 20 § and 21 § of Chapter 20 when the [[Law on sexual offences in Finland 2023]] was improved and gathered into Chapter 20 upon the initiative of the [[w:Marin Cabinet]].


== 2000's synthetic human-like fakes ==
== 2000's synthetic human-like fakes ==
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* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref>. In 2016 [[w:Hao Li]] was appointed to direct the institute.  
* <font color="red">'''1999'''</font> | <font color="red">'''institute founded'''</font> | The '''[[w:Institute for Creative Technologies]]''' was founded by the [[w:United States Army]] in the [[w:University of Southern California]]. It collaborates with the [[w:United States Army Futures Command]], [[w:United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command]], [[w:Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center]] and [[w:United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref name="ICT-about">https://ict.usc.edu/about/</ref>. In 2016 [[w:Hao Li]] was appointed to direct the institute.  


* '''1997''' | '''technology / science''' | [https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/human/bregler-sig97.pdf ''''Video rewrite: Driving visual speech with audio'''' at www2.eecs.berkeley.edu]<ref name="Bregler1997">
* '''1997''' | '''technology / science''' | [https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/human/bregler-sig97.pdf ''''Video rewrite: Driving visual speech with audio'''' at www2.eecs.berkeley.edu]<ref name="Bregler1997" /><ref group="1st seen in" name="Bohacek-Farid-2022">
 
{{cite journal
| last1      = Bregler
| first1    = Christoph
| last2      = Covell
| first2    = Michele
| last3      = Slaney
| first3    = Malcolm
| date      = 1997-08-03
| title      = Video Rewrite: Driving Visual Speech with Audio
| url        = https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/human/bregler-sig97.pdf
| journal    = SIGGRAPH '97: Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
| volume    =
| issue      =
| pages      = 353-360
| doi        = 10.1145/258734.258880
| access-date = 2022-09-09
}}
 
</ref><ref group="1st seen in" name="Bohacek-Farid-2022">


PROTECTING PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY AGAINST DEEP FAKES https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.12043.pdf
PROTECTING PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY AGAINST DEEP FAKES https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.12043.pdf
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== Contact information of organizations ==
== Contact information of organizations ==
Please contact these organizations and tell them to work harder against the disinformation weapons
Please contact [[Organizations, studies and events against synthetic human-like fakes|these organizations]] and tell them to work harder against the disinformation weapons
<references group="contact" />


= 1st seen in =
= 1st seen in =
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